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Echo State Networks (ESNs) are a class of single-layer recurrent neural networks with randomly generated internal weights, and a single layer of tuneable outer weights, which are usually trained by regularised linear least squares…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Allen G Hart , James L Hook , Jonathan H P Dawes

Reservoir Computing (RC) is a popular methodology for the efficient design of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). Recently, the advantages of the RC approach have been extended to the context of multi-layered RNNs, with the introduction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

Inspired by recent theoretical arguments, physics-informed echo state network (ESN) is discussed on the attempt to train a reservoir model absolutely in physics-informed manner. As the plainest work on such a purpose, an ODE (ordinary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Dong Keun Oh

Memristive devices present a promising foundation for next-generation information processing by combining memory and computation within a single physical substrate. This unique characteristic enables efficient, fast, and adaptive computing,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Coşku Can Horuz , Andrea Ceni , Claudio Gallicchio , Sebastian Otte

Echo state network (ESN), a kind of recurrent neural networks, consists of a fixed reservoir in which neurons are connected randomly and recursively and obtains the desired output only by training output connection weights. First-order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yansong Li , Kai Hu , Kohei Nakajima , Yongping Pan

Machine learning (ML) is widely used to model chaotic systems. Among ML approaches, echo state networks (ESNs) have received considerable attention due to their simple construction and fast training. However, ESN performance is highly…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2025-07-09 Francesco Martinuzzi

We introduce a diagonalization-based optimization for Linear Echo State Networks (ESNs) that reduces the per-step computational complexity of reservoir state updates from O(N^2) to O(N). By reformulating reservoir dynamics in the eigenbasis…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Romain de Coudenhove , Yannis Bendi-Ouis , Anthony Strock , Xavier Hinaut

Echo-State Networks and Reservoir Computing have been studied for more than a decade. They provide a simpler yet powerful alternative to Recurrent Neural Networks, every internal weight is fixed and only the last linear layer is trained.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Jonathan Dong , Sylvain Gigan , Florent Krzakala , Gilles Wainrib

Echo State Networks are efficient time-series predictors, which highly depend on the value of the spectral radius of the reservoir connectivity matrix. Based on recent results on the mean field theory of driven random recurrent neural…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2015-05-26 Mathieu Galtier , Gilles Wainrib

The study of deep recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and, in particular, of deep Reservoir Computing (RC) is gaining an increasing research attention in the neural networks community. The recently introduced Deep Echo State Network (DeepESN)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

The immense computational cost of traditional numerical weather and climate models has sparked the development of machine learning (ML) based emulators. Because ML methods benefit from long records of training data, it is common to use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Timothy A. Smith , Stephen G. Penny , Jason A. Platt , Tse-Chun Chen

Data are often sampled irregularly in time. Dealing with this using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) traditionally involved ignoring the fact, feeding the time differences as additional inputs, or resampling the data. All these methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Mantas Lukoševičius , Arnas Uselis

This paper examines Echo State Network, a reservoir computer, performance using four different benchmark problems, then proposes heuristics or rules of thumb for configuring the architecture, as well as the selection of parameters and their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Brooke R. Weborg , Gursel Serpen

While Large Language Models and their underlying Transformer architecture are remarkably efficient, they do not reflect how our brain processes and learns a diversity of cognitive tasks such as language, nor how it leverages working memory.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yannis Bendi-Ouis , Xavier Hinaut

What is a neural model with minimum architectural complexity that exhibits reasonable language learning capability? To explore such a simple but sufficient neural language model, we revisit a basic reservoir computing (RC) model, Echo State…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Ryo Ueda , Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Shunsuke Kando , Kentaro Inui

The prefrontal cortex is known to be involved in many high-level cognitive functions, in particular, working memory. Here, we study to what extent a group of randomly connected units (namely an Echo State Network, ESN) can store and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-06-19 Anthony Strock , Nicolas Rougier , Xavier Hinaut

In the last decade, a new computational paradigm was introduced in the field of Machine Learning, under the name of Reservoir Computing (RC). RC models are neural networks which a recurrent part (the reservoir) that does not participate in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-04-08 Sebastián Basterrech , Gerardo Rubino

Study of dynamical systems using partial state observation is an important problem due to its applicability to many real-world systems. We address the problem by studying an echo state network (ESN) framework with partial state input with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-06 Ajit Mahata , Reetish Padhi , Amit Apte

Long-lead forecasting for spatio-temporal systems can often entail complex nonlinear dynamics that are difficult to specify it a priori. Current statistical methodologies for modeling these processes are often highly parameterized and thus,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-05 Patrick L. McDermott , Christopher K. Wikle

Parameterized state space models in the form of recurrent networks are often used in machine learning to learn from data streams exhibiting temporal dependencies. To break the black box nature of such models it is important to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Peter Tino