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Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems commonly leverage bag-of-words co-occurrence techniques to capture semantic and syntactic word relationships. The resulting word-level distributed representations often ignore morphological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-12 Andrew Trask , David Gilmore , Matthew Russell

Recent progress in language modeling has been driven not only by advances in neural architectures, but also through hardware and optimization improvements. In this paper, we revisit the neural probabilistic language model (NPLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Simeng Sun , Mohit Iyyer

This paper investigates compact large language model (LLM) deployment and world-model-assisted inference offloading in mobile edge computing (MEC) networks. We first propose an edge compact LLM deployment (ECLD) framework that jointly…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ruichen Zhang , Xiaofeng Luo , Jiayi He , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Zehui Xiong , Yonghui Li

We propose SLOT (Sample-specific Language Model Optimization at Test-time), a novel and parameter-efficient test-time inference approach that enhances a language model's ability to more accurately respond to individual prompts. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yang Hu , Xingyu Zhang , Xueji Fang , Zhiyang Chen , Xiao Wang , Huatian Zhang , Guojun Qi

Recent advances in self-supervised learning and the Transformer architecture have significantly improved natural language processing (NLP), achieving remarkably low perplexity. However, the growing size of NLP models introduces a memory…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Gunho Park , Baeseong Park , Minsub Kim , Sungjae Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , Beomseok Kwon , Se Jung Kwon , Byeongwook Kim , Youngjoo Lee , Dongsoo Lee

Gboard Decoder produces suggestions by looking for paths that best match input touch points on the context aware search space, which is backed by the language Finite State Transducers (FST). The language FST is currently an N-gram language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yanxiang Zhang , Yuanbo Zhang , Haicheng Sun , Yun Wang , Billy Dou , Gary Sivek , Shumin Zhai

It is often the case that the best performing language model is an ensemble of a neural language model with n-grams. In this work, we propose a method to improve how these two models are combined. By using a small network which predicts the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Anton Bakhtin , Arthur Szlam , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Edouard Grave

Small Language Models (SLMs) have become increasingly important due to their efficiency and performance to perform various language tasks with minimal computational resources, making them ideal for various settings including on-device,…

Texting stands out as the most prominent form of communication worldwide. Individual spend significant amount of time writing whole texts to send emails or write something on social media, which is time consuming in this modern era. Word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Md Robiul Islam , Al Amin , Aniqua Nusrat Zereen

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on mobile devices faces the challenge of insufficient performance in smaller models and excessive resource consumption in larger ones. This paper highlights that mobile Neural Processing Units (NPUs)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zixu Hao , Jianyu Wei , Tuowei Wang , Minxing Huang , Huiqiang Jiang , Shiqi Jiang , Ting Cao , Ju Ren

On-device inference for Large Language Models (LLMs), driven by increasing privacy concerns and advancements of mobile-sized models, has gained significant interest. However, even mobile-sized LLMs (e.g., Gemma-2B) encounter unacceptably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Daliang Xu , Hao Zhang , Liming Yang , Ruiqi Liu , Gang Huang , Mengwei Xu , Xuanzhe Liu

Performing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) directly on mobile devices is promising for data privacy and responsiveness but is hindered by the architectural constraints of mobile NPUs. Specifically, current hardware struggles with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Zhiyang Chen , Daliang Xu , Haiyang Shen , Chiheng Lou , Mengwei Xu , Shangguang Wang , Xin Jin , Yun Ma

The Large Language Model (LLM) is widely employed for tasks such as intelligent assistants, text summarization, translation, and multi-modality on mobile phones. However, the current methods for on-device LLM deployment maintain slow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Luchang Li , Sheng Qian , Jie Lu , Lunxi Yuan , Rui Wang , Qin Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) by automating traditional labor-intensive tasks and consequently accelerated the development of computer-aided applications. As researchers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Summra Saleem , Muhammad Nabeel Asim , Shaista Zulfiqar , Andreas Dengel

Efficiently solving Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problems in power systems is crucial for operational planning and grid management. There is a growing need for scalable algorithms capable of handling the increasing variability, constraints, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Fabien Bernier , Jun Cao , Maxime Cordy , Salah Ghamizi

A neural probabilistic language model (NPLM) provides an idea to achieve the better perplexity than n-gram language model and their smoothed language models. This paper investigates application area in bilingual NLP, specifically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-24 Tsuyoshi Okita

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly needed for interactive mobile applications, but high-quality models exceed the limited DRAM available on smartphones. Flash storage can hold larger models, yet flash-backed inference is slow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tuowei Wang , Fengzu Li , Yanfan Sun , Wei Gao , Ju Ren

Optimization is ubiquitous. While derivative-based algorithms have been powerful tools for various problems, the absence of gradient imposes challenges on many real-world applications. In this work, we propose Optimization by PROmpting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Chengrun Yang , Xuezhi Wang , Yifeng Lu , Hanxiao Liu , Quoc V. Le , Denny Zhou , Xinyun Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered considerable attention owing to their remarkable capabilities, leading to an increasing number of companies offering LLMs as services. Different LLMs achieve different performance at different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao , Van-Hoang Le , Zhiqiang Li

The interest in developing small language models (SLM) for on-device deployment is fast growing. However, the existing SLM design hardly considers the device hardware characteristics. Instead, this work presents a simple yet effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Rongjie Yi , Xiang Li , Weikai Xie , Zhenyan Lu , Chenghua Wang , Ao Zhou , Shangguang Wang , Xiwen Zhang , Mengwei Xu