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In this paper, we consider a sequential stochastic Stackelberg game with two players, a leader and a follower. The follower has access to the state of the system while the leader does not. Assuming that the players act in their respective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-08 Rajesh K Mishra , Deepanshu Vasal , Sriram Vishwanath

This paper proposes and studies a class of discrete-time finite-time-horizon Stackelberg mean-field games, with one leader and an infinite number of identical and indistinguishable followers. In this game, the objective of the leader is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-11 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Jiacheng Zhang

We consider the problem of efficiently learning to play single-leader multi-follower Stackelberg games when the leader lacks knowledge of the lower-level game. Such games arise in hierarchical decision-making problems involving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Anna Maddux , Marko Maljkovic , Nikolas Geroliminis , Maryam Kamgarpour

In multi-agent problems requiring a high degree of cooperation, success often depends on the ability of the agents to adapt to each other's behavior. A natural solution concept in such settings is the Stackelberg equilibrium, in which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Robert Loftin , Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Herke van Hoof , Samuel Kaski , Frans A. Oliehoek

We consider the following two-player game: using observational data, the leader chooses a prediction function for a response variable $Y$ from given covariates. The follower then reacts with an intervention on some covariates in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Linus Kühne , Felix Schur , Jonas Peters

This paper studies multi-user communication systems with two groups of users: leaders which possess system information, and followers which have no system information using the formulation of Stackelberg games. In such games, the leaders…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-08-26 saeedeh parsaeefard , Mihaela van der Schaar , Ahmad R. Sharafat

The Stackelberg game model, where a leader commits to a strategy and the follower best responds, has found widespread application, particularly to security problems. In the security setting, the goal is for the leader to compute an optimal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Sai Mali Ananthanarayanan , Christian Kroer

This paper investigates the convergence of learning dynamics in Stackelberg games. In the class of games we consider, there is a hierarchical game being played between a leader and a follower with continuous action spaces. We establish a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-07 Tanner Fiez , Benjamin Chasnov , Lillian J. Ratliff

Algorithms for playing in Stackelberg games have been deployed in real-world domains including airport security, anti-poaching efforts, and cyber-crime prevention. However, these algorithms often fail to take into consideration the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Keegan Harris , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Maria-Florina Balcan

Agents rarely act in isolation -- their behavioral history, in particular, is public to others. We seek a non-asymptotic understanding of how a leader agent should shape this history to its maximal advantage, knowing that follower agent(s)…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Vidya Muthukumar , Anant Sahai

In Stackelberg security games when information about the attacker's payoffs is uncertain, algorithms have been proposed to learn the optimal defender commitment by interacting with the attacker and observing their best responses. In this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Jiarui Gan , Qingyu Guo , Long Tran-Thanh , Bo An , Michael Wooldridge

We introduce a reinforcement learning framework for economic design where the interaction between the environment designer and the participants is modeled as a Stackelberg game. In this game, the designer (leader) sets up the rules of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Gianluca Brero , Alon Eden , Darshan Chakrabarti , Matthias Gerstgrasser , Amy Greenwald , Vincent Li , David C. Parkes

Stackelberg equilibrium is a solution concept that describes optimal strategies to commit: Player 1 (the leader) first commits to a strategy that is publicly announced, then Player 2 (the follower) plays a best response to the leader's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Aditya Aradhye , Branislav Bošanský , Michael Hlaváček

We study an online learning problem in general-sum Stackelberg games, where players act in a decentralized and strategic manner. We study two settings depending on the type of information for the follower: (1) the limited information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yaolong Yu , Haipeng Chen

Guided cooperation allows intelligent agents with heterogeneous capabilities to work together by following a leader-follower type of interaction. However, the associated control problem becomes challenging when the leader agent does not…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-01 Yuhan Zhao , Quanyan Zhu

In a multi-follower Bayesian Stackelberg game, a leader plays a mixed strategy over $L$ actions to which $n\ge 1$ followers, each having one of $K$ possible private types, best respond. The leader's optimal strategy depends on the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Gerson Personnat , Tao Lin , Safwan Hossain , David C. Parkes

We consider the problem of learning to exploit learning algorithms through repeated interactions in games. Specifically, we focus on the case of repeated two player, finite-action games, in which an optimizer aims to steer a no-regret…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yizhou Zhang , Yi-An Ma , Eric Mazumdar

Federated learning (FL) is susceptible to a range of security threats. Although various defense mechanisms have been proposed, they are typically non-adaptive and tailored to specific types of attacks, leaving them insufficient in the face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Tao Li , Henger Li , Yunian Pan , Tianyi Xu , Zizhan Zheng , Quanyan Zhu

The Stackelberg equilibrium solution concept describes optimal strategies to commit to: Player 1 (termed the leader) publicly commits to a strategy and Player 2 (termed the follower) plays a best response to this strategy (ties are broken…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Branislav Bosansky , Simina Branzei , Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen , Peter Bro Miltersen , Troels Bjerre Sorensen

We study online learning in Bayesian Stackelberg games, where a leader repeatedly interacts with a follower whose unknown private type is independently drawn at each round from an unknown probability distribution. The goal is to design…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Matteo Bollini , Francesco Bacchiocchi , Samuel Coutts , Matteo Castiglioni , Alberto Marchesi