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The quantum computing scheme described in Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 190504 (2007), when viewed as a cluster state computation, features a 3-D cluster state, novel adjustable strength error correction capable of correcting general errors through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-16 Austin G. Fowler , Kovid Goyal

Fault-tolerant quantum computation traditionally incurs substantial resource overhead, with both qubit and time overheads scaling polylogarithmically with the size of the computation. While prior work by Gottesman showed that constant qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Ashutosh Goswami

Fault tolerant quantum computing methods which work with efficient quantum error correcting codes are discussed. Several new techniques are introduced to restrict accumulation of errors before or during the recovery. Classes of eligible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Andrew M. Steane

Quantum computers can be protected from noise by encoding the logical quantum information redundantly into multiple qubits using error correcting codes. When manipulating the logical quantum states, it is imperative that errors caused by…

Quantum computers face significant challenges from quantum deviations or coherent noise, particularly during gate operations, which pose a complex threat to the efficacy of quantum error correction (QEC) protocols. In this study, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Yuanchen Zhao , Dong E. Liu

Recently Shor showed how to perform fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is logarithmically small. We improve this bound and describe fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is smaller than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Dorit Aharonov , Michael Ben-Or

Color codes are a leading class of topological quantum error-correcting codes with modest error thresholds and structural compatibility with two-dimensional architectures, which make them well-suited for fault-tolerant quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Nitish Kumar Chandra , David Tipper , Reza Nejabati , Eneet Kaur , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

The quantum error-correcting code in the continuous-variable (CV) system attracts much attention due to its flexibility and high resistance against specific noise. However, the theory of fault tolerance in CV systems is premature and lacks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-17 Takaya Matsuura , Nicolas C. Menicucci , Hayata Yamasaki

We present an architecture for early fault-tolerant quantum computers based on the smallest interesting colour code (Earl Campbell, 2016). It realizes a universal logical gate set consisting of single-qubit measurements and preparations in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Jacob S. Nelson , Andrew J. Landahl , Andrew D. Baczewski

In order to build a scalable quantum computer error correction will be required to reduce the impact of errors. Implementing error correction in the framework of measurement based computation manifests itself as the construction of fault…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-24 Naomi Nickerson , Héctor Bombín

The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code is an important type of bosonic quantum error-correcting code. Since the GKP code only protects against small shift errors in $\hat{p}$ and $\hat{q}$ quadratures, it is necessary to concatenate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-03 Jiaxuan Zhang , Jian Zhao , Yu-Chun Wu , Guo-Ping Guo

We investigate a family of fault-tolerant quantum error correction schemes based on the concatenation of small error detection or error correction codes with the three-dimensional cluster state. We propose fault-tolerant state preparation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Zhaoyi Li , Isaac Kim , Patrick Hayden

Many current quantum error-correcting codes that achieve full fault tolerance suffer from having low ratios of logical to physical qubits and significant overhead. This makes them difficult to implement on current noisy intermediate-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Christopher Gerhard , Todd A. Brun

Quantum computers are poised to radically outperform their classical counterparts by manipulating coherent quantum systems. A realistic quantum computer will experience errors due to the environment and imperfect control. When these errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-21 Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Physical Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states are inherently noisy as ideal ones would require infinite energy. While this is typically considered as a deficiency to be actively corrected, this work demonstrates that imperfect GKP…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Fariba Hosseinynejad , Pavithran Iyer , Guillaume Dauphinais , David L. Feder

Quantum computation holds the promise of solving certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, the high prevalent noise in current quantum devices impedes the accurate execution of even basic algorithms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Prithviraj Prabhu

We present the first detailed simulation of a measurement based quantum computation based on Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubits within a quad-rail lattice (QRL) cluster state involving over 100 GKP modes. This was enabled by the…

Fault tolerance is widely regarded as indispensable for achieving scalable and reliable quantum computing. However, the spacetime overhead required for fault-tolerant quantum computating remains prohibitively large. A critical challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Pei Zeng , Guo Zheng , Qian Xu , Liang Jiang

As there is no quantum error correction code with universal set of transversal gates, several approaches have been proposed which, in combination of transversal gates, make universal fault-tolerant quantum computation possible. Magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Eesa Nikahd , Morteza Saheb Zamani , Mehdi Sedighi

As there is no quantum error correction code with universal set of transversal gates, several approaches have been proposed which, in combination of transversal gates, make universal fault-tolerant quantum computation possible. Magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-16 Eesa Nikahd , Morteza Saheb Zamani , Mehdi Sedighi