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Autonomous robots combine skills to form increasingly complex behaviors, called missions. While skills are often programmed at a relatively low abstraction level, their coordination is architecturally separated and often expressed in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Razan Ghzouli , Thorsten Berger , Einar Broch Johnsen , Andrzej Wasowski , Swaib Dragule

Robotic assembly tasks remain an open challenge due to their long horizon nature and complex part relations. Behavior trees (BTs) are increasingly used in robot task planning for their modularity and flexibility, but creating them manually…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Jicong Ao , Fan Wu , Yansong Wu , Abdalla Swikir , Sami Haddadin

We present a novel mission-planning strategy for heterogeneous multi-robot teams, taking into account the specific constraints and capabilities of each robot. Our approach employs hierarchical trees to systematically break down complex…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Piyush Gupta , David Isele , Enna Sachdeva , Pin-Hao Huang , Behzad Dariush , Kwonjoon Lee , Sangjae Bae

The realization of intelligent robots, operating autonomously and interacting with other intelligent agents, human or artificial, requires the integration of environment perception, reasoning, and action. Classic Artificial Intelligence…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Kanisorn Sangchai , Methasit Boonpun , Withawin Kraipetchara , Paulo Garcia

Behavior Trees constitute a widespread AI tool which has been successfully spun out in robotics. Their advantages include simplicity, modularity, and reusability of code. However, Behavior Trees remain a high-level decision making engine;…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Pilar de la Cruz , Justus Piater , Matteo Saveriano

In previous research, we developed methods to train decision trees (DT) as agents for reinforcement learning tasks, based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) networks. The samples from which the DTs are built, use the environment's state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Raphael C. Engelhardt , Marcel J. Meinen , Moritz Lange , Laurenz Wiskott , Wolfgang Konen

In symbolic planning systems, the knowledge on the domain is commonly provided by an expert. Recently, an automatic abstraction procedure has been proposed in the literature to create a Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Angelo Oddi , Riccardo Rasconi , Emilio Cartoni , Gabriele Sartor , Gianluca Baldassarre , Vieri Giuliano Santucci

In this paper, we propose Belief Behavior Trees (BBTs), an extension to Behavior Trees (BTs) that allows to automatically create a policy that controls a robot in partially observable environments. We extend the semantic of BTs to account…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Evgenii Safronov , Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale

We propose a hybrid combination of active inference and behavior trees (BTs) for reactive action planning and execution in dynamic environments, showing how robotic tasks can be formulated as a free-energy minimization problem. The proposed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Corrado Pezzato , Carlos Hernandez Corbato , Stefan Bonhof , Martijn Wisse

A major component for developing intelligent and autonomous robots is a suitable knowledge representation, from which a robot can acquire knowledge about its actions or world. However, unlike humans, robots cannot creatively adapt to novel…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Md. Sadman Sakib , David Paulius , Yu Sun

Context and motivation: In recent years, behavior trees have gained growing interest within the robotics community as a specification and control switching mechanism for the different tasks that form a robotics mission. Problem: Given the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Razan Ghzouli , Rebekka Wohlrab , Jennifer Horkoff

We introduce a novel framework for automatic behavior tree (BT) construction in heterogeneous multi-robot systems, designed to address the challenges of adaptability and robustness in dynamic environments. Traditional robots are limited by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chaoran Wang , Jingyuan Sun , Yanhui Zhang , Mingyu Zhang , Changju Wu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in various domains, especially robotics. However, most prior LLM-based work in robotic applications either directly predicts waypoints or applies LLMs within…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yue Meng , Fei Chen , Yongchao Chen , Chuchu Fan

Multi-robot task planning and collaboration are critical challenges in robotics. While Behavior Trees (BTs) have been established as a popular control architecture and are plannable for a single robot, the development of effective…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Zhongxuan Cai , Yunxin Mao , Minglong Li , Wenjing Yang , Ji Wang

We present an integrated Task-Motion Planning framework for robot navigation in belief space. Autonomous robots operating in real world complex scenarios require planning in the discrete (task) space and the continuous (motion) space. To…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Antony Thomas , Sunny Amatya , Fulvio Mastrogiovanni , Marco Baglietto

This paper presents a novel approach to generating behavior trees for robots using lightweight large language models (LLMs) with a maximum of 7 billion parameters. The study demonstrates that it is possible to achieve satisfying results…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Riccardo Andrea Izzo , Gianluca Bardaro , Matteo Matteucci

Behavior Trees are commonly used to model agents for robotics and games, where constrained behaviors must be designed by human experts in order to guarantee that these agents will execute a specific chain of actions given a specific set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Renato de Pontes Pereira , Paulo Martins Engel

Plan execution on real robots in realistic environments is underdetermined and often leads to failures. The choice of action parameterization is crucial for task success. By thinking ahead of time with the fast plan projection mechanism…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-12-21 Gayane Kazhoyan , Michael Beetz

Enabling robot teams to execute natural language commands requires translating high-level instructions into feasible, efficient multi-robot plans. While Large Language Models (LLMs) combined with Planning Domain Description Language (PDDL)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Guangyao Shi , Yuwei Wu , Vijay Kumar , Gaurav S. Sukhatme

Robotic systems for manipulation tasks are increasingly expected to be easy to configure for new tasks or unpredictable environments, while keeping a transparent policy that is readable and verifiable by humans. We propose the method…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Jonathan Styrud , Matteo Iovino , Mikael Norrlöf , Mårten Björkman , Christian Smith