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We show that proper time, when defined in the quantum theory of 2d gravity, becomes identical to the stochastic time associated with the stochastic quantization of space. This observation was first made by Kawai and collaborators in the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-24 J. Ambjorn , R. Loll , Y. Watabiki , W. Westra , S. Zohren

General relativity is a background-independent theory of a dynamical classical spacetime geometry. Quantum theory is formulated in a classical spacetime, as an intrinsically probabilistic, contextual theory of non-classical, interfering…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-22 Tristan Hübsch , Djordje Minic

The early universe provides an opportunity for quantum gravity to connect to observation by explaining the large-scale structure of the Universe. In the group field theory (GFT) approach, a macroscopic universe is described as a GFT…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-12-05 Steffen Gielen , Daniele Oriti

We introduce the notion of geometric pseudo-quantisation based on geometric quantisation with a weakened curvature condition. We show how such a structure arises naturally from simple deformations of the symplectic structure and pullbacks…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Kerr Maxwell

An important yet perplexing result from work in the 90s and 00s is the near-unity value of the ratio of fluctuations in the vacuum energy density of quantum fields to the mean in a collection of generic spacetimes. This was done by way of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-01-10 Hing-Tong Cho , Jen-Tsung Hsiang , Bei-Lok Hu

In the event symmetric approach to quantum gravity it is assumed that the fundamental laws of physics must be invariant under exchange of any two space-time events. The fact that this symmetry if obviously not observed is attributed to the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 P. E. Gibbs

I suggest that measurement in quantum theory should be regarded as a sense of time (of things happening), which is as important as the conventional relativistic notion of time. A key question -- of basic physical interest whether one…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-12-15 Adam Helfer

We elaborate an approach to quantum fluctuations of angular momentum based on the diagonalization of the covariance matrix in two versions: real symmetric and complex Hermitian. At difference with previous approaches this is SU(2) invariant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-28 Ángel Rivas , Alfredo Luis

We discuss spacetime instability for effective field theories of quantum gravity. The effective action of gravity introduces infinite higher derivative curvature terms $R^{2}, { R }_{ \mu \nu }{ R }^{ \mu \nu }, R_{\mu\nu\kappa\lambda}…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-10-21 Hiroki Matsui

In the context of group field theory condensate cosmology, we clarify the extraction of cosmological variables from the microscopic quantum gravity degrees of freedom. We show that an important implication of the second quantized formalism…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-12-03 Steffen Gielen , Daniele Oriti

One of the foremost goals of research in physics is to find the most basic and universal theories that describe our universe. Many theories assume the presence of an absolute space and time in which the physical objects are located and…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2022-09-27 Sahand Tokasi , Peter Pickl

So far, none of attempts to quantize gravity has led to a satisfactory model that not only describe gravity in the realm of a quantum world, but also its relation to elementary particles and other fundamental forces. Here, we outline the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-11-29 Houri Ziaeepour

A quantum mechanical theory is proposed which abandons an external parameter ``time'' in favor of a self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space whose elements represent measurement events rather than system states. The standard quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-29 Kim Bostroem

The description of relativistic effects requires a preliminary definition of events localised in space-time while the clocks used for time definition and the fields used in synchronisation or localisation procedures are necessarily quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-27 Marc-Thierry Jaekel , Serge Reynaud

We discuss the correlation function for the metric for homogeneous and isotropic cosmologies. The exact propagator equation determines the correlation function as the inverse of the second functional derivative of the quantum effective…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-06-28 C. Wetterich

Pure gravitational plane waves are considered as a special case of spacetimes with two commuting spacelike Killing vector fields. Starting with a midisuperspace that describes this kind of spacetimes, we introduce gauge-fixing and symmetry…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Guillermo A. Mena Marugan , Manuel Montejo

We write down a quantum gravity equation which generalizes the Wheeler-DeWitt one in view of including a time dependence in the wave functional. The obtained equation provides a consistent canonical quantization of the 3-geometries…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 Giovanni Montani

The appearance of Hamiltonian constraint in the canonical formalism for general relativity reflects the lack of a fixed external time. The dynamics of general relativistic systems can be expressed with respect to an arbitrarily chosen…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-09-21 Przemyslaw Malkiewicz

Conventional approaches to quantum gravity regard quantum principles, such as nonlocality and superposition, as fundamental properties of nature and therefore argue that gravity must also be quantized. In contrast, this work introduces a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-16 Filip Strubbe

The interplay between thermodynamics, general relativity and quantum mechanics has long intrigued researchers. Recently, important advances have been obtained in thermodynamics, mainly regarding its application to the quantum domain through…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-07 Marcos L. W. Basso , Jonas Maziero , Lucas Chibebe Céleri