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We propose a synthesis of the two proof styles of interactive theorem proving: the procedural style (where proofs are scripts of commands, like in Coq) and the declarative style (where proofs are texts in a controlled natural language, like…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Freek Wiedijk

Proof assistants, such as Isabelle/HOL, offer tools to facilitate inductive theorem proving. Isabelle experts know how to use these tools effectively; however, there is a little tool support for transferring this expert knowledge to a wider…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Yutaka Nagashima

We address the problem of translating informal mathematical proofs expressed in natural language into formal proofs in Lean4 under a constrained computational budget. Our approach is grounded in two key insights. First, informal proofs tend…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Ziyu Wang , Bowen Yang , Chenyi Li , Yuan Zhang , Shihao Zhou , Bin Dong , Zaiwen Wen

Humans prove theorems by relying on substantial high-level reasoning and problem-specific insights. Proof assistants offer a formalism that resembles human mathematical reasoning, representing theorems in higher-order logic and proofs as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Kaiyu Yang , Jia Deng

AI-driven autoformalization of mathematics is advancing rapidly. However, the type checker of a proof assistant guarantees only the logical correctness of proofs; it does not verify whether propositions and definitions faithfully capture…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Banri Yanahama , Akiyoshi Sannai

Informal mathematics has been central to modern large language model (LLM) reasoning, offering flexibility and enabling efficient construction of arguments. However, purely informal reasoning is prone to logical gaps and subtle errors that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Azim Ospanov , Zijin Feng , Jiacheng Sun , Haoli Bai , Xin Shen , Farzan Farnia

Proving mathematical theorems using computer-verifiable formal languages like Lean significantly impacts mathematical reasoning. One approach to formal theorem proving involves generating complete proofs using Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ruida Wang , Jipeng Zhang , Yizhen Jia , Rui Pan , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Tong Zhang

Large formal mathematical libraries consist of millions of atomic inference steps that give rise to a corresponding number of proved statements (lemmas). Analogously to the informal mathematical practice, only a tiny fraction of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-02-17 Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

In interactive theorem provers (ITPs), extensible syntax is not only crucial to lower the cognitive burden of manipulating complex mathematical objects, but plays a critical role in developing reusable abstractions in libraries. Most ITPs…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Sebastian Ullrich , Leonardo de Moura

Proof assistants, such as Isabelle/HOL, offer tools to facilitate inductive theorem proving. Isabelle experts know how to use these tools effectively; however, they did not have a systematic way to encode their expertise. To address this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-08 Yutaka Nagashima

Formally verifying the correctness of mathematical proofs is more accessible than ever, however, the learning curve remains steep for many of the state-of-the-art interactive theorem provers (ITP). Deriving the most appropriate subsequent…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Liao Zhang , David M. Cerna , Cezary Kaliszyk

Although most of the automated theorem-proving approaches depend on formal proof systems, informal theorem proving can align better with large language models' (LLMs) strength in natural language processing. In this work, we identify a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunhe Li , Hao Shi , Bowen Deng , Wei Wang , Mengzhe Ruan , Hanxu Hou , Zhongxiang Dai , Siyang Gao , Chao Wang , Shuang Qiu , Linqi Song

The expanding Lean 4 ecosystem poses challenges for navigating its vast libraries. This paper introduces LeanExplore, a search engine for Lean 4 declarations. LeanExplore enables users to semantically search for statements, both formally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Justin Asher

To be usable in practice, interactive theorem provers need to provide convenient and efficient means of writing expressions, definitions, and proofs. This involves inferring information that is often left implicit in an ordinary…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-12-18 Leonardo de Moura , Jeremy Avigad , Soonho Kong , Cody Roux

Formal verification using interactive theorem provers ensures high-quality software. However, writing proof scripts for interactive theorem provers is labor-intensive and requires deep expertise. Recent studies have leveraged deep learning…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Manqing Zhang , Yunwei Dong , Lingru Zhou , Bingxu Xiao , Yepang Liu

Large formal mathematical libraries consist of millions of atomic inference steps that give rise to a corresponding number of proved statements (lemmas). Analogously to the informal mathematical practice, only a tiny fraction of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-10-11 Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

The present dissertation introduces the research project on HOLMS (\textbf{HOL} Light Library for \textbf{M}odal \textbf{S}ystems), a growing modular framework for modal reasoning within the HOL Light proof assistant. To provide an…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Antonella Bilotta

Formal theorem proving (FTP) has emerged as a critical foundation for evaluating the reasoning capabilities of large language models, enabling automated verification of mathematical proofs at scale. However, progress has been constrained by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Terry Jingchen Zhang , Wenyuan Jiang , Rongchuan Liu , Yisong Wang , Junran Yang , Ning Wang , Nicole Ni , Yinya Huang , Mrinmaya Sachan

We present LISA, a proof system and proof assistant for constructing proofs in schematic first-order logic and axiomatic set theory. The logical kernel of the system is a proof checker for first-order logic with equality and schematic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Simon Guilloud , Sankalp Gambhir , Viktor Kunčak

Proof assistants offer tactics to facilitate inductive proofs. However, it still requires human ingenuity to decide what arguments to pass to those induction tactics. To automate this process, we present smart_induct for Isabelle/HOL. Given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Yutaka Nagashima