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The proliferation of complex, black-box AI models has intensified the need for techniques that can explain their decisions. Feature attribution methods have become a popular solution for providing post-hoc explanations, yet the field has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Xinpeng Li , Kai Ming Ting

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to provide transparent insights into machine learning models, yet the reliability of many feature attribution methods remains a critical challenge. Prior research (Haufe et al., 2014; Wilming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Benedict Clark , Stoyan Karastoyanov , Rick Wilming , Stefan Haufe

Many novel unsupervised feature selection methods are proposed each year, yet their empirical evaluation is limited to supervised and unsupervised evaluation metrics computed on selected datasets, along with comparisons to existing methods.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Muhammad Rajabinasab , Michael E. Houle , Oussama Chelly , Arthur Zimek

In the field of artificial intelligence, AI models are frequently described as `black boxes' due to the obscurity of their internal mechanisms. It has ignited research interest on model interpretability, especially in attribution methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Zhiyu Zhu , Zhibo Jin , Jiayu Zhang , Huaming Chen

Post-hoc explanations for black box models have been studied extensively in classification and regression settings. However, explanations for models that output similarity between two inputs have received comparatively lesser attention. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Amit Dhurandhar , Dennis Wei , Zaid Bin Tariq

As the capabilities of large-scale pre-trained models evolve, understanding the determinants of their outputs becomes more important. Feature attribution aims to reveal which parts of the input elements contribute the most to model outputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Gaofei Shen , Hosein Mohebbi , Arianna Bisazza , Afra Alishahi , Grzegorz Chrupała

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated strong capacity in supporting a wide variety of applications. Shapley value has emerged as a prominent tool to analyze feature importance to help people understand the inference process of deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-19 Xiaolei Lu

We describe a novel attribution method which is grounded in Sensitivity Analysis and uses Sobol indices. Beyond modeling the individual contributions of image regions, Sobol indices provide an efficient way to capture higher-order…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Thomas Fel , Remi Cadene , Mathieu Chalvidal , Matthieu Cord , David Vigouroux , Thomas Serre

Deep learning models have gained great popularity in statistical modeling because they lead to very competitive regression models, often outperforming classical statistical models such as generalized linear models. The disadvantage of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Ronald Richman , Mario V. Wüthrich

The goal of this presentation is to build an efficient non-parametric Bayes classifier in the presence of large numbers of predictors. When analyzing such data, parametric models are often too inflexible while non-parametric procedures tend…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-01-07 Abhishek Bhattacharya

Feature attribution methods explain black-box machine learning (ML) models by assigning importance scores to input features. These methods can be computationally expensive for large ML models. To address this challenge, there has been…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Lucas Monteiro Paes , Dennis Wei , Flavio P. Calmon

Explaining recommendations enables users to understand whether recommended items are relevant to their needs and has been shown to increase their trust in the system. More generally, if designing explainable machine learning models is key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Darius Afchar , Romain Hennequin

Recent advancements in DeepFake generation, along with the proliferation of open-source tools, have significantly lowered the barrier for creating synthetic media. This trend poses a serious threat to the integrity and authenticity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Spiros Baxavanakis , Manos Schinas , Symeon Papadopoulos

Human understandable explanation of deep learning models is essential for various critical and sensitive applications. Unlike image or tabular data where the importance of each input feature (for the classifier's decision) can be directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

Black-box neural network models are widely used in industry and science, yet are hard to understand and interpret. Recently, the attention mechanism was introduced, offering insights into the inner workings of neural language models. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Blaž Škrlj , Sašo Džeroski , Nada Lavrač , Matej Petkovič

Attribution methods shed light on the explainability of data-driven approaches such as deep learning models by uncovering the most influential features in a to-be-explained decision. While determining feature attributions via gradients…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Yi Cai , Gerhard Wunder

Although neural networks can achieve very high predictive performance on various different tasks such as image recognition or natural language processing, they are often considered as opaque "black boxes". The difficulty of interpreting the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-22 Enguerrand Horel , Virgile Mison , Tao Xiong , Kay Giesecke , Lidia Mangu

Feature attribution aims to explain the reasoning behind a black-box model's prediction by identifying the impact of each feature on the prediction. Recent work has extended feature attribution to interactions between multiple features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Yifan Jiang , Shane Steinert-Threlkeld

How can we explain the predictions of a black-box model? In this paper, we use influence functions -- a classic technique from robust statistics -- to trace a model's prediction through the learning algorithm and back to its training data,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-01 Pang Wei Koh , Percy Liang

An important step towards explaining deep image classifiers lies in the identification of image regions that contribute to individual class scores in the model's output. However, doing this accurately is a difficult task due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Steven Stalder , Nathanaël Perraudin , Radhakrishna Achanta , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Michele Volpi