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Over-parameterized deep networks trained using gradient-based optimizers are a popular choice for solving classification and ranking problems. Without appropriately tuned $\ell_2$ regularization or weight decay, such networks have the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Aman Gupta , Rohan Ramanath , Jun Shi , Anika Ramachandran , Sirou Zhou , Mingzhou Zhou , S. Sathiya Keerthi

Training neural networks is an optimization problem, and finding a decent set of parameters through gradient descent can be a difficult task. A host of techniques has been developed to aid this process before and during the training phase.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Divya Gaur , Joachim Folz , Andreas Dengel

In this paper, we made an extension to the convergence analysis of the dynamics of two-layered bias-free networks with one $ReLU$ output. We took into consideration two popular regularization terms: the $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ norm of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-21 Zhifeng Kong

Deep convolutional neural networks trained on large datsets have emerged as an intriguing alternative for compressing images and solving inverse problems such as denoising and compressive sensing. However, it has only recently been realized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Reinhard Heckel

Weight decay is one of the most widely used forms of regularization in deep learning, and has been shown to improve generalization and robustness. The optimization objective driving weight decay is a sum of losses plus a term proportional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Liu Yang , Jifan Zhang , Joseph Shenouda , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Kangwook Lee , Robert D. Nowak

In real-world scenarios, the number of training samples across classes usually subjects to a long-tailed distribution. The conventionally trained network may achieve unexpected inferior performance on the rare class compared to the frequent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yuxiang Bao , Guoliang Kang , Linlin Yang , Xiaoyue Duan , Bo Zhao , Baochang Zhang

We study the implicit bias of batch normalization trained by gradient descent. We show that when learning a linear model with batch normalization for binary classification, gradient descent converges to a uniform margin classifier on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Yuan Cao , Difan Zou , Yuanzhi Li , Quanquan Gu

Batch normalization is currently the most widely used variant of internal normalization for deep neural networks. Additional work has shown that the normalization of weights and additional conditioning as well as the normalization of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Wolfgang Fuhl , Enkelejda Kasneci

Batch Normalization (BN) is essential to effectively train state-of-the-art deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). It normalizes inputs to the layers during training using the statistics of each mini-batch. In this work, we study BN from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Mahdi M. Kalayeh , Mubarak Shah

This paper underlines a subtle property of batch-normalization (BN): Successive batch normalizations with random linear transformations make hidden representations increasingly orthogonal across layers of a deep neural network. We establish…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-09 Hadi Daneshmand , Amir Joudaki , Francis Bach

Using weight decay to penalize the L2 norms of weights in neural networks has been a standard training practice to regularize the complexity of networks. In this paper, we show that a family of regularizers, including weight decay, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Ziquan Liu , Yufei Cui , Antoni B. Chan

Batch Normalization (BN) has been proven to be quite effective at accelerating and improving the training of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, BN brings additional computation, consumes more memory and generally slows down the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Shuang Wu , Guoqi Li , Lei Deng , Liu Liu , Yuan Xie , Luping Shi

Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) offer a natural probabilistic formulation for inference in deep learning models. Despite their popularity, their optimality has received limited attention through the lens of statistical decision theory. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Daniel Andrew Coulson , Martin T. Wells

Mathematically characterizing the implicit regularization induced by gradient-based optimization is a longstanding pursuit in the theory of deep learning. A widespread hope is that a characterization based on minimization of norms may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Noam Razin , Nadav Cohen

While normalization techniques are widely used in deep learning, their theoretical understanding remains relatively limited. In this work, we establish the benefits of (generalized) weight normalization (WN) applied to the overparameterized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yudong Wei , Liang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Niao He

Weight normalization (WeightNorm) is widely used in practice for the training of deep neural networks and modern deep learning libraries have built-in implementations of it. In this paper, we provide the first theoretical characterizations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Pedro Cisneros-Velarde , Zhijie Chen , Sanmi Koyejo , Arindam Banerjee

In this article, we introduce a novel normalization technique for neural network weight matrices, which we term weight conditioning. This approach aims to narrow the gap between the smallest and largest singular values of the weight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hemanth Saratchandran , Thomas X. Wang , Simon Lucey

Works on implicit regularization have studied gradient trajectories during the optimization process to explain why deep networks favor certain kinds of solutions over others. In deep linear networks, it has been shown that gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Dan Zhao

This study introduces a new normalization layer termed Batch Layer Normalization (BLN) to reduce the problem of internal covariate shift in deep neural network layers. As a combined version of batch and layer normalization, BLN adaptively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Amir Ziaee , Erion Çano

Neural Collapse (NC) is a geometric structure recently observed at the terminal phase of training deep neural networks, which states that last-layer feature vectors for the same class would "collapse" to a single point, while features of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Leyan Pan , Xinyuan Cao