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With widening deployments of natural language processing (NLP) in daily life, inherited social biases from NLP models have become more severe and problematic. Previous studies have shown that word embeddings trained on human-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Lei Ding , Dengdeng Yu , Jinhan Xie , Wenxing Guo , Shenggang Hu , Meichen Liu , Linglong Kong , Hongsheng Dai , Yanchun Bao , Bei Jiang

Language models are the new state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) models and they are being increasingly used in many NLP tasks. Even though there is evidence that language models are biased, the impact of that bias on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Fatma Elsafoury , Stamos Katsigiannis

Standard benchmarks of bias and fairness in large language models (LLMs) measure the association between the user attributes stated or implied by a prompt and the LLM's short text response, but human-AI interaction increasingly requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Kristian Lum , Jacy Reese Anthis , Kevin Robinson , Chirag Nagpal , Alexander D'Amour

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown powerful performance and development prospects and are widely deployed in the real world. However, LLMs can capture social biases from unprocessed training data and propagate the biases to downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Yingji Li , Mengnan Du , Rui Song , Xin Wang , Ying Wang

Numerous types of social biases have been identified in pre-trained language models (PLMs), and various intrinsic bias evaluation measures have been proposed for quantifying those social biases. Prior works have relied on human annotated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Masahiro Kaneko , Danushka Bollegala , Naoaki Okazaki

Sense embedding learning methods learn different embeddings for the different senses of an ambiguous word. One sense of an ambiguous word might be socially biased while its other senses remain unbiased. In comparison to the numerous prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Yi Zhou , Masahiro Kaneko , Danushka Bollegala

During training, Large Language Models (LLMs) learn social regularities that can lead to gender bias in downstream applications. Most mitigation efforts focus on reducing bias in generated outputs, typically evaluated on structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Nour Bouchouchi , Thibault Laugel , Xavier Renard , Christophe Marsala , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Marcin Detyniecki

This paper presents novel experiments shedding light on the shortcomings of current metrics for assessing biases of gender discrimination made by machine learning algorithms on textual data. We focus on the Bios dataset, and our learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Fanny Jourdan , Laurent Risser , Jean-Michel Loubes , Nicholas Asher

Language carries implicit human biases, functioning both as a reflection and a perpetuation of stereotypes that people carry with them. Recently, ML-based NLP methods such as word embeddings have been shown to learn such language biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-26 Xavier Ferrer-Aran , Tom van Nuenen , Natalia Criado , Jose M. Such

Several benchmarks have been built with heavy investment in resources to track our progress in NLP. Thousands of papers published in response to those benchmarks have competed to top leaderboards, with models often surpassing human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Swaroop Mishra , Anjana Arunkumar , Chris Bryan , Chitta Baral

Recently, there has been an increase in efforts to understand how large language models (LLMs) propagate and amplify social biases. Several works have utilized templates for fairness evaluation, which allow researchers to quantify social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Preethi Seshadri , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Sameer Singh

Contextualized word embeddings have been replacing standard embeddings as the representational knowledge source of choice in NLP systems. Since a variety of biases have previously been found in standard word embeddings, it is crucial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Marion Bartl , Malvina Nissim , Albert Gatt

Extensive evaluation on a large number of word embedding models for language processing applications is conducted in this work. First, we introduce popular word embedding models and discuss desired properties of word models and evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Bin Wang , Angela Wang , Fenxiao Chen , Yuncheng Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being adopted across a wide range of tasks, including decision-making processes in industries where bias in AI systems is a significant concern. Recent research indicates that LLMs can harbor implicit biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Divyanshu Kumar , Umang Jain , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

Due to the implement of guardrails by developers, Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in explicit bias tests. However, bias in LLMs may occur not only explicitly, but also implicitly, much like humans who…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Xinru Lin , Luyang Li

Several recent studies have shown that strong natural language understanding (NLU) models are prone to relying on unwanted dataset biases without learning the underlying task, resulting in models that fail to generalize to out-of-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Rabeeh Karimi Mahabadi , Yonatan Belinkov , James Henderson

Measuring the performance of natural language processing models is challenging. Traditionally used metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, originally devised for machine translation and summarization, have been shown to suffer from low correlation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Kathrin Blagec , Georg Dorffner , Milad Moradi , Simon Ott , Matthias Samwald

Large Language Models (LLMs) inherit societal biases from their training data, potentially leading to harmful or unfair outputs. While various techniques aim to mitigate these biases, their effects are often evaluated only along the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Shireen Chand , Faith Baca , Emilio Ferrara

In Natural Language Processing (NLP) classification tasks such as topic categorisation and sentiment analysis, model generalizability is generally measured with standard metrics such as Accuracy, F-Measure, or AUC-ROC. The diversity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Peter Vickers , Loïc Barrault , Emilio Monti , Nikolaos Aletras

We investigate the potential for nationality biases in natural language processing (NLP) models using human evaluation methods. Biased NLP models can perpetuate stereotypes and lead to algorithmic discrimination, posing a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Pranav Narayanan Venkit , Sanjana Gautam , Ruchi Panchanadikar , Ting-Hao `Kenneth' Huang , Shomir Wilson