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So-called `wicked problems', those involving complex multi-dimensional settings, non-verifiable outcomes, heterogeneous impacts and a lack of single objectively correct answers, have plagued humans throughout history. Modern examples…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Richard M. Bailey

For speech classification tasks, deep learning models often achieve high accuracy but exhibit shortcomings in calibration, manifesting as classifiers exhibiting overconfidence. The significance of calibration lies in its critical role in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-27 Yaqian Hao , Chenguang Hu , Yingying Gao , Shilei Zhang , Junlan Feng

Well-calibrated model confidence scores can improve the usefulness of text generation models. For example, users can be prompted to review predictions with low confidence scores, to prevent models from returning bad or potentially dangerous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Lorenzo Jaime Yu Flores , Ori Ernst , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Large language models optimized with techniques like RLHF have achieved good alignment in being helpful and harmless. However, post-alignment, these language models often exhibit overconfidence, where the expressed confidence does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Mozhi Zhang , Mianqiu Huang , Rundong Shi , Linsen Guo , Chong Peng , Peng Yan , Yaqian Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

GPT-3 can perform numerous tasks when provided a natural language prompt that contains a few training examples. We show that this type of few-shot learning can be unstable: the choice of prompt format, training examples, and even the order…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Tony Z. Zhao , Eric Wallace , Shi Feng , Dan Klein , Sameer Singh

Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of specific training data from a model while preserving reliable behavior on the remaining data, making reliable prediction and uncertainty estimation essential for evaluation. Calibration is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Divyaksh Shukla , Ashutosh Modi

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has enabled them to communicate their confidence in natural language, improving transparency and reliability. However, this expressiveness is often accompanied by systematic overconfidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Ki Jung Seo , Sehun Lim , Taeuk Kim

Many neural network models nowadays have achieved promising performances in Chit-chat settings. The majority of them rely on an encoder for understanding the post and a decoder for generating the response. Without given assigned semantics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Hung-Ting Chen , Yu-Chieh Chao , Ta-Hsuan Chao , Wei-Yun Ma

In order to enhance levels of engagement with conversational systems, our long term research goal seeks to monitor the confusion state of a user and adapt dialogue policies in response to such user confusion states. To this end, in this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Na Li , John D. Kelleher , Robert Ross

Providing well-calibrated AI confidence can help promote users' appropriate trust in and reliance on AI, which are essential for AI-assisted decision-making. However, calibrating AI confidence -- providing confidence score that accurately…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jingshu Li , Yitian Yang , Renwen Zhang , Q. Vera Liao , Tianqi Song , Zhengtao Xu , Yi-chieh Lee

Nowadays, the current neural network models of dialogue generation(chatbots) show great promise for generating answers for chatty agents. But they are short-sighted in that they predict utterances one at a time while disregarding their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Jabri Ismail , Aboulbichr Ahmed , El ouaazizi Aziza

Artificial intelligence (AI) developers are increasingly building language models with warm and empathetic personas that millions of people now use for advice, therapy, and companionship. Here, we show how this creates a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Lujain Ibrahim , Franziska Sofia Hafner , Luc Rocher

Despite the multi-turn open-domain dialogue systems have attracted more and more attention and made great progress, the existing dialogue systems are still very boring. Nearly all the existing dialogue models only provide a response when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Tian Lan , Xianling Mao , Heyan Huang , Wei Wei

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved a degree of success in generating coherent and contextually relevant text, yet they remain prone to a significant challenge known as hallucination: producing information that is not substantiated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ray Li , Tanishka Bagade , Kevin Martinez , Flora Yasmin , Grant Ayala , Michael Lam , Kevin Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in high-stakes domains such as finance, healthcare, and education, where reliable multi-turn interactions with users are essential. However, existing work on confidence estimation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhaohan Zhang , Chengzhengxu Li , Xiaoming Liu , Chao Shen , Ziquan Liu , Ioannis Patras

Recent neural models of dialogue generation offer great promise for generating responses for conversational agents, but tend to be shortsighted, predicting utterances one at a time while ignoring their influence on future outcomes. Modeling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-30 Jiwei Li , Will Monroe , Alan Ritter , Michel Galley , Jianfeng Gao , Dan Jurafsky

Neural networks have proven successful at learning from complex data distributions by acting as universal function approximators. However, they are often overconfident in their predictions, which leads to inaccurate and miscalibrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Jeffrey Willette , Juho Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

We test the robustness of debate as a method of scalable oversight by training models to debate with data generated via self-play. In a long-context reading comprehension task, we find that language model based evaluators answer questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Samuel Arnesen , David Rein , Julian Michael

Accurate estimation of predictive uncertainty (model calibration) is essential for the safe application of neural networks. Many instances of miscalibration in modern neural networks have been reported, suggesting a trend that newer, more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Matthias Minderer , Josip Djolonga , Rob Romijnders , Frances Hubis , Xiaohua Zhai , Neil Houlsby , Dustin Tran , Mario Lucic

End-to-end neural diarization models have usually relied on a multilabel-classification formulation of the speaker diarization problem. Recently, we proposed a powerset multiclass formulation that has beaten the state-of-the-art on multiple…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Alexis Plaquet , Hervé Bredin