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Neural networks and tree ensembles are state-of-the-art learners, each with its unique statistical and computational advantages. We aim to combine these advantages by introducing a new layer for neural networks, composed of an ensemble of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Hussein Hazimeh , Natalia Ponomareva , Petros Mol , Zhenyu Tan , Rahul Mazumder

Decision Trees and Random Forests are among the most widely used machine learning models, and often achieve state-of-the-art performance in tabular, domain-agnostic datasets. Nonetheless, being primarily discriminative models they lack…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-14 Alvaro H. C. Correia , Robert Peharz , Cassio de Campos

Tree-based models are widely recognized for their interpretability and have proven effective in various application domains, particularly in high-stakes domains. However, learning decision trees (DTs) poses a significant challenge due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sascha Marton

Neural networks (NNs) and decision trees (DTs) are both popular models of machine learning, yet coming with mutually exclusive advantages and limitations. To bring the best of the two worlds, a variety of approaches are proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Haoling Li , Jie Song , Mengqi Xue , Haofei Zhang , Jingwen Ye , Lechao Cheng , Mingli Song

In this paper we analyze, evaluate, and improve the performance of training Random Forest (RF) models on modern CPU architectures. An exact, state-of-the-art binary decision tree building algorithm is used as the basis of this study.…

The random subspace method, known as the pillar of random forests, is good at making precise and robust predictions. However, there is not a straightforward way yet to combine it with deep learning. In this paper, we therefore propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Yun-Hao Cao , Jianxin Wu , Hanchen Wang , Joan Lasenby

Random forests are classical ensemble algorithms that construct multiple randomized decision trees and aggregate their predictions using naive averaging. \citet{zhou2019deep} further propose a deep forest algorithm with multi-layer forests,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Shen-Huan Lyu , Jin-Hui Wu , Qin-Cheng Zheng , Baoliu Ye

In an ever expanding set of research and application areas, deep neural networks (DNNs) set the bar for algorithm performance. However, depending upon additional constraints such as processing power and execution time limits, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Nathan Dahlin , Krishna Chaitanya Kalagarla , Nikhil Naik , Rahul Jain , Pierluigi Nuzzo

Decision trees and random forest remain highly competitive for classification on medium-sized, standard datasets due to their robustness, minimal preprocessing requirements, and interpretability. However, a single tree suffers from high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Cencheng Shen , Yuexiao Dong , Carey E. Priebe

Although neural networks are a powerful tool, their widespread use is hindered by the opacity of their decisions and their black-box nature, which result in a lack of trustworthiness. To alleviate this problem, methods in the field of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Helena Monke , Benjamin Fresz , Marco Bernreuther , Yilin Chen , Marco F. Huber

The success of deep neural networks (DNNs) is attributable to three factors: increased compute capacity, more complex models, and more data. These factors, however, are not always present, especially for edge applications such as autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-26 Bichen Wu

Tree-based machine learning techniques, such as Decision Trees and Random Forests, are top performers in several domains as they do well with limited training datasets and offer improved interpretability compared to Deep Neural Networks…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Giacomo Pedretti , Catherine E. Graves , Can Li , Sergey Serebryakov , Xia Sheng , Martin Foltin , Ruibin Mao , John Paul Strachan

Decision trees are widely used for classification and regression tasks in a variety of application fields due to their interpretability and good accuracy. During the past decade, growing attention has been devoted to globally optimized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Antonio Consolo , Edoardo Amaldi , Andrea Manno

Decision trees are ubiquitous in machine learning for their ease of use and interpretability. Yet, these models are not typically employed in reinforcement learning as they cannot be updated online via stochastic gradient descent. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Andrew Silva , Taylor Killian , Ivan Dario Jimenez Rodriguez , Sung-Hyun Son , Matthew Gombolay

Nearest neighbor (kNN) methods have been gaining popularity in recent years in light of advances in hardware and efficiency of algorithms. There is a plethora of methods to choose from today, each with their own advantages and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-01 Daniel Zoran , Balaji Lakshminarayanan , Charles Blundell

Modern language models address complex questions through chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning (Wei et al., 2023) and retrieval augmentation (Lewis et al., 2021), yet struggle with error propagation and knowledge integration. Tree-structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ahmed Bahloul , Simon Malberg

While deep learning has enabled tremendous progress on text and image datasets, its superiority on tabular data is not clear. We contribute extensive benchmarks of standard and novel deep learning methods as well as tree-based models such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Léo Grinsztajn , Edouard Oyallon , Gaël Varoquaux

Machine learning has an emerging critical role in high-performance computing to modulate simulations, extract knowledge from massive data, and replace numerical models with efficient approximations. Decision forests are a critical tool…

Performance · Computer Science 2018-06-22 James Browne , Tyler M. Tomita , Disa Mhembere , Randal Burns , Joshua T. Vogelstein

Although advancements in deep learning have significantly enhanced the recommendation accuracy of deep recommendation models, these methods still suffer from low recommendation efficiency. Recently proposed tree-based deep recommendation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Ze Liu , Jin Zhang , Chao Feng , Defu Lian , Jie Wang , Enhong Chen

It is widely recognized that the deeper networks or networks with more feature maps have better performance. Existing studies mainly focus on extending the network depth and increasing the feature maps of networks. At the same time,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Shenlong Lou , Yan Luo , Qiancong Fan , Feng Chen , Yiping Chen , Cheng Wang , Jonathan Li