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Modularity, since its introduction, has remained one of the most widely used metrics to assess the quality of community structure in a complex network. However the resolution limit problem associated with modularity limits its applicability…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-06-13 Tianlong Chen , Pramesh Singh , Kevin E. Bassler

Modularity is widely used to effectively measure the strength of the community structure found by community detection algorithms. However, modularity maximization suffers from two opposite yet coexisting problems: in some cases, it tends to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-01-02 Mingming Chen , Tommy Nguyen , Boleslaw K. Szymanski

Detecting communities in large networks has drawn much attention over the years. While modularity remains one of the more popular methods of community detection, the so-called resolution limit remains a significant drawback. To overcome…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-08-02 V. A. Traag , P. Van Dooren , Y. Nesterov

Modularity maximization is the most popular technique for the detection of community structure in graphs. The resolution limit of the method is supposedly solvable with the introduction of modified versions of the measure, with tunable…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-02-14 Andrea Lancichinetti , Santo Fortunato

In this paper, we first discuss the definition of modularity (Q) used as a metric for community quality and then we review the modularity maximization approaches which were used for community detection in the last decade. Then, we discuss…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-11-17 Mingming Chen , Konstantin Kuzmin , Boleslaw K. Szymanski

A community detection algorithm is considered to have a resolution limit if the scale of the smallest modules that can be resolved depends on the size of the analyzed subnetwork. The resolution limit is known to prevent some community…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-18 Tatsuro Kawamoto , Martin Rosvall

Using an intuitive concept of what constitutes a meaningful community, a novel metric is formulated for detecting non-overlapping communities in undirected, weighted heterogeneous networks. This metric, modularity density, is shown to be…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-08-23 Swathi M. Mula , Gerardo Veltri

Detecting community structure is fundamental to clarify the link between structure and function in complex networks and is used for practical applications in many disciplines. A successful method relies on the optimization of a quantity…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-05-23 Santo Fortunato , Marc Barthelemy

Detecting community structure in real-world networks is a challenging problem. Recently, it has been shown that the resolution of methods based on optimizing a modularity measure or a corresponding energy is limited; communities with sizes…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 J. M. Kumpula , J. Saramaki , K. Kaski , J. Kertesz

Recently, a type of multi-resolution methods in community detection was introduced, which can adjust the resolution of modularity by modifying the modularity function with tunable resolution parameters, such as those proposed by Arenas,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-30 Ju Xiang , Ke Hu

Community structure is one of the most important features of complex networks. Modularity-based methods for community detection typically rely on heuristic algorithms to optimize a specific community quality function. Such methods are…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-09-02 Kun Gao , Xuezao Ren , Lei Zhou , Junfang Zhu

Many bipartite networks exhibit hierarchical community structure, but existing community detection methods are not well-suited for detecting hierarchy. They also do not effectively handle weighted bipartite networks. In this work, we…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Tania Ghosh , Kevin E. Bassler

Community structure is an important property of complex networks. An automatic discovery of such structure is a fundamental task in many disciplines, including sociology, biology, engineering, and computer science. Recently, several…

Physics and Society · Physics 2008-04-11 Jianhua Ruan , Weixiong Zhang

The problem of community detection is relevant in many disciplines of science and modularity optimization is the widely accepted method for this purpose. It has recently been shown that this approach presents a resolution limit by which it…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-13 A. D. Medus , C. O. Dorso

Many real-world complex networks exhibit a community structure, in which the modules correspond to actual functional units. Identifying these communities is a key challenge for scientists. A common approach is to search for the network…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-12-22 Federico Botta , Charo I. del Genio

Research into detection of dense communities has recently attracted increasing attention within network science, various metrics for detection of such communities have been proposed. The most popular metric -- Modularity -- is based on the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-04-30 Ke-ke Shang , Michael Small , Yan Wang , Di Yin , Shu Li

The maximization of generalized modularity performs well on networks in which the members of all communities are statistically indistinguishable from each other. However, there is no theory bounding the maximization performance in more…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Xiaoyan Lu , Brendan Cross , Boleslaw K. Szymanski

Revealing a community structure in a network or dataset is a central problem arising in many scientific areas. The modularity function $Q$ is an established measure quantifying the quality of a community, being identified as a set of nodes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Francesco Tudisco , Pedro Mercado , Matthias Hein

Communities of vertices within a giant network such as the World-Wide Web are likely to be vastly smaller than the network itself. However, Fortunato and Barth\'{e}lemy have proved that modularity maximization algorithms for community…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-05-29 Jonathan W. Berry , Bruce Hendrickson , Randall A. LaViolette , Cynthia A. Phillips

When searching for communities in networks, domain experts may have some prior expectations about the size of communities. Yet, community detection methods normally do not optimize communities under cluster size constraints.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-26 Filipi N. Silva , Samin Aref , Vincent Traag , Santo Fortunato
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