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Measurements in the quantum domain can exceed classical notions. This concerns fundamental questions about the nature of the measurement process itself, as well as applications, such as their function as building blocks of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-02 Jan Sperling , Ilaria Gianani , Marco Barbieri , Elizabeth Agudelo

Entanglement is an important resource that allows quantum technologies to go beyond the classically possible. There are many ways quantum systems can be entangled, ranging from the archetypal two-qubit case to more exotic scenarios of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-27 Nicolai Friis , Giuseppe Vitagliano , Mehul Malik , Marcus Huber

Detecting entanglement in multipartite quantum states is an inherently probabilistic process, typically with a few measured samples. The level of confidence in entanglement detection quantifies the scheme's validity via the probability that…

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are hybrid quantum-classical approaches used for tackling a wide range of problems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Testing these algorithms on relevant hardware is crucial to…

Quantum entanglement detection and characterization are crucial for various quantum information processes. Most existing methods for entanglement detection rely heavily on a complete description of the quantum state, which requires numerous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-21 Rui Li , Shikun Zhang , Zheng Qin , Chunxiao Du , Yang Zhou , Zhisong Xiao

Quantum measurements are inherently noisy, hindering reliable entanglement detection and limiting the scalability of quantum technologies. While error mitigation and correction strategies exist, they often impose prohibitive resource…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Mahmoud Mahdian , Ali Babapour-Azar , Zahra Mousavi , Rashed Khanjani-Shiraz

Quantum entanglement is a foundational resource in quantum information science, underpinning applications across physics. However, detecting and quantifying entanglement remains a significant challenge. In this article, we introduce a…

Quantum technologies exploit entanglement to enhance various tasks beyond their classical limits including computation, communication and measurements. Quantum metrology aims to increase the precision of a measured quantity that is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-25 Bálint Koczor , Suguru Endo , Tyson Jones , Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Simon C. Benjamin

The number of measurements demanded by hybrid quantum-classical algorithms such as the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is prohibitively high for many problems of practical value. For such problems, realizing quantum advantage will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Guoming Wang , Dax Enshan Koh , Peter D. Johnson , Yudong Cao

Using the concept of non-degenerate Bell inequality, we show that quantum entanglement, the critical resource for various quantum information processing tasks, can be quantified for any unknown quantum states in a semi-device-independent…

Quantum variational optimization has been posed as an alternative to solve optimization problems faster and at a larger scale than what classical methods allow. In this paper we study systematically the role of entanglement, the structure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-30 Pablo Díez-Valle , Diego Porras , Juan José García-Ripoll

Measuring entanglement entropy in interacting, multipartite systems remains a significant experimental challenge. We address this challenge by developing a protocol to measure von Neumann entropy (VNE) and mutual information in quantum…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Zhenhua Zhu , Gu Zhang , Dong E. Liu

Entanglement is a key ingredient for quantum technologies and a fundamental signature of quantumness in a broad range of phenomena encompassing many-body physics, thermodynamics, cosmology, and life sciences. For arbitrary multiparticle…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-24 Marco Cianciaruso , Thomas R. Bromley , Gerardo Adesso

We present two results which combined enable one to reliably detect multimode, multipartite entanglement in the presence of measurement errors. The first result leads to a method to compute the best (approximated) physical covariance matrix…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-05 E. Shchukin , P. van Loock

Entanglement is one of the most studied properties of quantum mechanics for its application in quantum information protocols. Nevertheless, detecting the presence of entanglement in large multipartite sates continues to be a great challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-21 Flavio Baccari , Daniel Cavalcanti , Peter Wittek , Antonio Acín

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) algorithm has been developed to target near term Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers as a method to find the eigenvalues of Hamiltonians. Unlike fully quantum algorithms such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 Taylor Harville , Rishu Khurana , Vitor F. Grizzi , Cong Liu

Quantum metrology takes advantage of nonclassical resources such as entanglement to achieve a sensitivity level below the standard quantum limit. To date, almost all quantum-metrology demonstrations are restricted to improving the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-22 Yi Xia , Wei Li , William Clark , Darlene Hart , Quntao Zhuang , Zheshen Zhang

Current noise levels in physical realizations of qubits and quantum operations limit the applicability of conventional methods to characterize entanglement. In this adverse scenario, we follow a quantum variational approach to estimate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-16 A. D. Muñoz-Moller , L. Pereira , L. Zambrano , J. Cortés-Vega , A. Delgado

Quantum entanglement plays a crucial role in quantum information processing tasks and quantum mechanics, hence quantifying unknown entanglement is a fundamental task. However, this is also challenging, as entanglement cannot be measured by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-27 Xiaodie Lin , Zhenyu Chen , Zhaohui Wei

Estimating the difference between quantum data is crucial in quantum computing. However, as typical characterizations of quantum data similarity, the trace distance and quantum fidelity are believed to be exponentially-hard to evaluate in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-28 Ranyiliu Chen , Zhixin Song , Xuanqiang Zhao , Xin Wang