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Automated hate speech detection is an important tool in combating the spread of hate speech, particularly in social media. Numerous methods have been developed for the task, including a recent proliferation of deep-learning based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Jitendra Singh Malik , Hezhe Qiao , Guansong Pang , Anton van den Hengel

This paper envisions a multi-agent system for detecting the presence of hate speech in online social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. We introduce a novel framework employing deep learning techniques to coordinate the channels…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Gaurav Sahu , Robin Cohen , Olga Vechtomova

In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the phenomenon of hate against women on social media platforms, particularly through the use of misogynous memes. These memes often target women with subtle and obscure cues, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Gitanjali Kumari , Kirtan Jain , Asif Ekbal

Internet memes are characterised by the interspersing of text amongst visual elements. State-of-the-art multimodal meme classifiers do not account for the relative positions of these elements across the two modalities, despite the latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Muzhaffar Hazman , Susan McKeever , Josephine Griffith

This paper focuses on an important problem of detecting offensive analogy meme on online social media where the visual content and the texts/captions of the meme together make an analogy to convey the offensive information. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Lanyu Shang , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Zha , Yingxi Chen , Christina Youn , Dong Wang

Memes are graphics and text overlapped so that together they present concepts that become dubious if one of them is absent. It is spread mostly on social media platforms, in the form of jokes, sarcasm, motivating, etc. After the success of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Tariq Habib Afridi , Aftab Alam , Muhammad Numan Khan , Jawad Khan , Young-Koo Lee

In the past few years, the meme has become a new way of communication on the Internet. As memes are the images with embedded text, it can quickly spread hate, offence and violence. Classifying memes are very challenging because of their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque

Memes represent a tightly coupled, multimodal form of social expression, in which visual context and overlaid text jointly convey nuanced affect and commentary. Inspired by cognitive reappraisal in psychology, we introduce Meme Reappraisal,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yiqi Nie , Fei Wang , Junjie Chen , Kun Li , Yudi Cai , Dan Guo , Chenglong Li , Meng Wang

Recent technological advancements in the Internet and Social media usage have resulted in the evolution of faster and efficient platforms of communication. These platforms include visual, textual and speech mediums and have brought a unique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Sunil Gundapu , Radhika Mamidi

Social media is daily creating massive multimedia content with paired image and text, presenting the pressing need to automate the vision and language understanding for various multimodal classification tasks. Compared to the commonly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Chunpu Xu , Jing Li

The proliferation of hate speech on social media platforms has necessitated the development of effective detection and moderation tools. This study evaluates the efficacy of various machine learning models in identifying hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Saurabh Mishra , Shivani Thakur , Radhika Mamidi

The extensive rise in consumption of online social media (OSMs) by a large number of people poses a critical problem of curbing the spread of hateful content on these platforms. With the growing usage of OSMs in multiple languages, the task…

Automatic hate speech detection in online social networks is an important open problem in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Hate speech is a multidimensional issue, strongly dependant on language and cultural factors. Despite its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Aymé Arango , Jorge Pérez , Barbara Poblete

Hate speech is harmful content that directly attacks or promotes hatred against members of groups or individuals based on actual or perceived aspects of identity, such as racism, religion, or sexual orientation. This can affect social life…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Arijit Das , Somashree Nandy , Rupam Saha , Srijan Das , Diganta Saha

Hate speech frequently appears on social media platforms and urgently needs to be effectively controlled. Alleviating the bias caused by hate speech can help resolve various ethical issues. Although existing research has constructed several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Hongyan Wu , Zhengming Chen , Zijian Li , Nankai Lin , Lianxi Wang , Shengyi Jiang , Aimin Yang

Internet memes have emerged as a popular multimodal medium, yet they are increasingly weaponized to convey harmful opinions through subtle rhetorical devices like irony and metaphor. Existing detection approaches, including Multimodal Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenshuo Wang , Ziyou Jiang , Junjie Wang , Mingyang Li , Jie Huang , Yuekai Huang , Zhiyuan Chang , Feiyan Duan , Qing Wang

The rapid expansion of memes on social media has highlighted the urgent need for effective approaches to detect harmful content. However, traditional data-driven approaches struggle to detect new memes due to their evolving nature and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ziyan Liu , Chunxiao Fan , Haoran Lou , Yuexin Wu , Kaiwei Deng

Hate speech represents a pervasive and detrimental form of online discourse, often manifested through an array of slurs, from hateful tweets to defamatory posts. As such speech proliferates, it connects people globally and poses significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Paloma Piot , Patricia Martín-Rodilla , Javier Parapar

Internet memes have become a powerful means for individuals to express emotions, thoughts, and perspectives on social media. While often considered as a source of humor and entertainment, memes can also disseminate hateful content targeting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

The proliferation of memes on social media necessitates the capabilities of multimodal Large Language Models (mLLMs) to effectively understand multimodal harmfulness. Existing evaluation approaches predominantly focus on mLLMs' detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zixin Chen , Hongzhan Lin , Kaixin Li , Ziyang Luo , Yayue Deng , Jing Ma