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Self-reinforcing feedback loops in personalization systems are typically caused by users choosing from a limited set of alternatives presented systematically based on previous choices. We propose a Bayesian choice model built on Luce axioms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-22 Gökhan Çapan , Ilker Gündoğdu , Ali Caner Türkmen , Çağrı Sofuoğlu , Ali Taylan Cemgil

Recommendation algorithms are known to suffer from popularity bias; a few popular items are recommended frequently while the majority of other items are ignored. These recommendations are then consumed by the users, their reaction will be…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Masoud Mansoury , Himan Abdollahpouri , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Bamshad Mobasher , Robin Burke

We propose a control-theoretic interpretation of recommender systems and use this perspective to analyze how fairness interventions shape long-term system behavior. Fairness concerns arise for both users and creators, ranging from opinion…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Giulia De Pasquale , Sarah Dean , Paolo Frasca

Recommender systems shape individual choices through feedback loops in which user behavior and algorithmic recommendations coevolve over time. The systemic effects of these loops remain poorly understood, in part due to unrealistic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Gabriele Barlacchi , Margherita Lalli , Emanuele Ferragina , Fosca Giannotti , Dino Pedreschi , Luca Pappalardo

The feedback data of recommender systems are often subject to what was exposed to the users; however, most learning and evaluation methods do not account for the underlying exposure mechanism. We first show in theory that applying…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Da Xu , Chuanwei Ruan , Evren Korpeoglu , Sushant Kumar , Kannan Achan

The closed feedback loop in recommender systems is a common setting that can lead to different types of biases. Several studies have dealt with these biases by designing methods to mitigate their effect on the recommendations. However, most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Sami Khenissi , Mariem Boujelbene , Olfa Nasraoui

Selection bias is prevalent in the data for training and evaluating recommendation systems with explicit feedback. For example, users tend to rate items they like. However, when rating an item concerning a specific user, most of the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Weishen Pan , Sen Cui , Hongyi Wen , Kun Chen , Changshui Zhang , Fei Wang

What we discover and see online, and consequently our opinions and decisions, are becoming increasingly affected by automated machine learned predictions. Similarly, the predictive accuracy of learning machines heavily depends on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Sami Khenissi , Olfa Nasraoui

Recommendation models trained on the user feedback collected from deployed recommendation systems are commonly biased. User feedback is considerably affected by the exposure mechanism, as users only provide feedback on the items exposed to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Hangtong Xu , Yuanbo Xu , Yongjian Yang , Fuzhen Zhuang , Hui Xiong

Popularity bias and positivity bias are two prominent sources of bias in recommender systems. Both arise from input data, propagate through recommendation models, and lead to unfair or suboptimal outcomes. Popularity bias occurs when a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Masoud Mansoury , Jin Huang , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Herke van Hoof , Maarten de Rijke

Recommendation systems underlie a variety of online platforms. These recommendation systems and their users form a feedback loop, wherein the former aims to maximize user engagement through personalization and the promotion of popular…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Atefeh Mollabagher , Parinaz Naghizadeh

Recommender systems continuously interact with users, creating feedback loops that shape both individual behavior and collective market dynamics. This paper introduces a simulation framework to model these loops in online retail…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Gabriele Barlacchi , Margherita Lalli , Emanuele Ferragina , Fosca Giannotti , Luca Pappalardo

Recommender systems continually retrain on user reactions to their own predictions, creating AI feedback loops that amplify biases and diminish fairness over time. Despite this well-known risk, most bias mitigation techniques are tested…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Theodor Stoecker , Samed Bayer , Ingo Weber

In addition to their benefits, optimization systems can have negative economic, moral, social, and political effects on populations as well as their environments. Frameworks like fairness have been proposed to aid service providers in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Rebekah Overdorf , Bogdan Kulynych , Ero Balsa , Carmela Troncoso , Seda Gürses

Recommender system fairness has been studied from the perspectives of a variety of stakeholders including content producers, the content itself and recipients of recommendations. Regardless of which type of stakeholders are considered, most…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Nil-Jana Akpinar , Cyrus DiCiccio , Preetam Nandy , Kinjal Basu

Preference elicitation explicitly asks users what kind of recommendations they would like to receive. It is a popular technique for conversational recommender systems to deal with cold-starts. Previous work has studied selection bias in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Shashank Gupta , Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

An emerging definition of fairness in machine learning requires that models are oblivious to demographic user information, e.g., a user's gender or age should not influence the model. Personalized recommender systems are particularly prone…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Bjørnar Vassøy , Helge Langseth , Benjamin Kille

Fairness-aware recommender systems often mitigate bias by increasing exposure to under-represented or long-tail content, commonly through mechanisms that promote novelty and diversity. In practice, the strength of such interventions is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Enock O. Ayiku , Evelyn Osei , Emebo Onyeka

Recommender systems, while transformative in online user experiences, have raised concerns over potential provider-side fairness issues. These systems may inadvertently favor popular items, thereby marginalizing less popular ones and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Saeedeh Karimi , Hossein A. Rahmani , Mohammadmehdi Naghiaei , Leila Safari

Recommender Systems (RS) often suffer from popularity bias, where a small set of popular items dominate the recommendation results due to their high interaction rates, leaving many less popular items overlooked. This phenomenon…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Juno Prent , Masoud Mansoury
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