Related papers: Universality in High Energy Collisions of small an…
Recent experimental results in proton-proton and in proton-nucleus collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies show a strong similarity to those observed in nucleus-nucleus collisions, where the formation of a quark-gluon plasma is…
Strangeness enhancement and collective flow are considered signatures of the quark gluon plasma formation. These phenomena have been detected not only in relativistic heavy ion collisions but also in high energy, high multiplicity events of…
Strangeness production in high multiplicity events gives indications on the transverse size fluctuactions in nucleus-nucleus ($AA$), proton-nucleus ($pA$) and proton-proton ($pp$) collisions. In particular the behavior of strange particle…
It is well known that high energy interactions as different as electron-positron annihilation, deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering, proton-proton interactions, and nucleus-nucleus collisions have many features in common. Based upon…
Proton-proton (pp) data show collective effects, such as long-range azimuthal correlations and strangeness enhancement, which are similar to phenomenology observed in heavy ion collisions. Using simulations with and without explicit…
Highly effective conversion of kinetic energy into abundant particle multiplicity is the remarkable feature discovered in high energy heavy ion collisions. This short and pedagogic review addresses topical issues related to the…
The fact that quark-quark, quark-gluon and gluon-gluon interactions are different sources of particle production in proton-proton collision at high energy is investigated in this work. The variation of the multiplicity and pseudo-rapidity…
The discovery of collectivity in proton-proton collisions, is one of the most puzzling outcomes from the two first runs at LHC, as it points to the possibility of creation of a Quark-Gluon Plasma, earlier believed to only be created in…
The energy density is the prime parameter to define the deconfinement of quarks and gluons occurring in collisions of heavy ions. Recently, there is mounting evidence that many observables in proton-proton collisions behave in a manner very…
As the value of the longitudinal momentum carried by partons in a ultra-relativistic hadron becomes small, one observes a growth of their density. When the parton density becomes close to a value of order $1/\alpha_s$, it does not grow any…
The energy densities achieved during central collisions of large nuclei at Brookhaven's AGS may be high enough to allow the formation of quark--gluon plasma. Calculations based on relativistic nucleation theory suggest that rare events,…
We evaluate the strangeness production from equilibrating and transversely expanding quark gluon plasma which may be created in the wake of relativistic heavy ion collisions. We consider boost invariant longitudinal and cylindrically…
Experimental findings of recent years blurred the frontier between large and small systems. The features attributed to the Quark Gluon Plasma formation have also been found in smaller systems when measuring particle production in high…
Fluid dynamical models preceded the first heavy ion accelerator experiments, and led to the main trend of this research since then. In recent years fluid dynamical processes became a dominant direction of research in high energy heavy ion…
At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1]. Such an extreme state of strongly-interacting QCD (Quantum…
Collective flow, its anisotropies and its event-to-event fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, and the extraction of the specific shear viscosity of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) from collective flow data collected in heavy-ion…
High multiplicity final states of small collision systems, such as proton-proton or proton-nucleus, exhibit some signatures which resemble features associated with quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation in heavy-ion collisions, e.g., collective…
We review the progress in understanding the strange particle yields in nuclear collisions and their role in signalling quark-gluon plasma formation. We report on new insights into the formation mechanisms of strange particles during…
The scenario of a collective expansion of matter created in proton-proton (p-p) collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is discussed. Assuming a small transverse size and a formation time of 0.1fm/c of the source we observe the…
High energy heavy ion collisions create quark gluon plasmas that behave like almost perfect fluids. Very similar features to those that led to this insight have also been observed in experimental data from collisions of small systems,…