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We discuss characterization of experimental quantum gates by the error matrix, which is similar to the standard process matrix $\chi$ in the Pauli basis, except the desired unitary operation is factored out, by formally placing it either…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-06 Alexander N. Korotkov

Quantum process tomography is an experimental technique to fully characterize an unknown quantum process. Standard quantum process tomography suffers from exponentially scaling of the number of measurements with the increasing system size.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-02 Shichuan Xue , Yong Liu , Yang Wang , Pingyu Zhu , Chu Guo , Junjie Wu

Rydberg atom arrays have recently emerged as one of the most promising platforms for quantum simulation and quantum information processing. However, as is the case for other experimental platforms, the longer-term success of the Rydberg…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Sina Zeytinoğlu , Sho Sugiura

High-fidelity mid-circuit measurements, which read out the state of specific qubits in a multiqubit processor without destroying them or disrupting their neighbors, are a critical component for useful quantum computing. They enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-23 Daniel Hothem , Jordan Hines , Charles Baldwin , Dan Gresh , Robin Blume-Kohout , Timothy Proctor

Quantum error correction is important to quantum information processing, which allows us to reliably process information encoded in quantum error correction codes. Efficient quantum error correction benefits from the knowledge of error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Ming-Xia Huo , Ying Li

Encoding quantum information in a quantum error correction (QEC) code enhances protection against errors. Imperfection of quantum devices due to decoherence effects will limit the fidelity of quantum gate operations. In particular, neutral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 J. J. Postema , S. J. J. M. F. Kokkelmans

There is currently a significant need for robust and efficient methods for characterizing quantum devices. While there has been significant progress in this direction, there remains a crucial need to precisely determine the strength and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

We have investigated instability of a superconducting quantum computer by continuously monitoring the qubit output. We found that qubits exhibit a step-like change in the error rates. This change is repeatedly observed, and each step…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-15 Yuta Hirasaki , Shunsuke Daimon , Toshinari Itoko , Naoki Kanazawa , Eiji Saitoh

Holistic benchmarks for quantum computers are essential for testing and summarizing the performance of quantum hardware. However, holistic benchmarks -- such as algorithmic or randomized benchmarks -- typically do not predict a processor's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-16 Daniel Hothem , Jordan Hines , Karthik Nataraj , Robin Blume-Kohout , Timothy Proctor

Gate fidelity -- an average fidelity over all possible input states -- is the workhorse metric for benchmarking quantum gates or circuits, yet fault-tolerant quantum computing ultimately depends on the worst-case behavior, typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Kyoungho Cho , Ilkwon Sohn , Yongsoo Hwang , Jeongho Bang

Syndrome measurements made in quantum error correction contain more information than is typically used. We show that the statistics of data from syndrome measurements can be used to do the following: (i) estimation of parameters of an error…

Characterization of experimental systems is an essential step in developing and improving quantum hardware. A collection of protocols known as Randomized Benchmarking (RB) was developed in the past decade, which provides an efficient way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-22 Linghang Kong

Radiation impacts are a current challenge with computing on superconducting-based quantum devices because they can lead to widespread correlated errors across the device. Such errors can be problematic for quantum error correction (QEC)…

The standard quantum error correction protocols use projective measurements to extract the error syndromes from the encoded states. We consider the more general scenario of weak measurements, where only partial information about the error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-31 Parveen Kumar , Apoorva Patel

We present a quantum circuit optimization technique that takes into account the variability in error rates that is inherent across present day noisy quantum computing platforms. This method can be run post qubit routing or post-compilation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Paul D. Nation , Matthew Treinish

Many current quantum error-correcting codes that achieve full fault tolerance suffer from having low ratios of logical to physical qubits and significant overhead. This makes them difficult to implement on current noisy intermediate-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Christopher Gerhard , Todd A. Brun

Decoders of quantum error correction (QEC) experiments make decisions based on detected errors and the expected rates of error events, which together comprise a detector error model. Here we show that the syndrome history of QEC experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evangelia Takou , Kenneth R. Brown

Quantum error correction and quantum error detection necessitate syndrome measurements to detect errors. Performing syndrome measurements for each stabilizer generator can be a significant overhead, considering the fact that the readout…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Kento Tsubouchi , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga , Nobuyuki Yoshioka , Suguru Endo

Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires gates which function correctly despite the presence of errors, and are scalable if the error probability-per-gate is below a threshold value. To date, no method has been described for calculating…

In this work, we aim at augmenting the decisions output by quantum models with "error bars" that provide finite-sample coverage guarantees. Quantum models implement implicit probabilistic predictors that produce multiple random decisions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-24 Sangwoo Park , Osvaldo Simeone