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We study maps from a 2D world-sheet to a 2D target space which include folds. The geometry of folds is discussed and a metric on the space of folded maps is written down. We show that the latter is not invariant under area preserving…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-08-15 O. Ganor , J. Sonnenschein , S. Yankielowicz

Graphs are nowadays ubiquitous in the fields of signal processing and machine learning. As a tool used to express relationships between objects, graphs can be deployed to various ends: I) clustering of vertices, II) semi-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Carlos Lassance , Vincent Gripon , Gonzalo Mateos

Graph embedding is a transformation of nodes of a network into a set of vectors. A good embedding should capture the underlying graph topology and structure, node-to-node relationship, and other relevant information about the graph, its…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Bogumił Kamiński , Łukasz Kraiński , Paweł Prałat , François Théberge

An isometric embedding of a graph into a metric space is an embedding of the vertices such that the smallest number of edges connecting any two vertices equals to the distance in the metric space between the images. In this paper, we study…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2018-04-20 Shiquan Ren

The criteria for determining graph isomorphism are crucial for solving graph isomorphism problems. The necessary condition is that two isomorphic graphs possess invariants, but their function can only be used to filtrate and subdivide…

Graphics · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chuanfu Hu , Aimin Hou

There is an established bijection between finite-index subgroups Gamma of Gamma(2) and bipartite graphs on surfaces, or, equivalently, certain triples of permutations. We utilize this relationship to study both congruence and noncongruence…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2013-07-29 Erica J. Whitaker

Consider a graph drawn on a surface (for example, the plane minus a finite set of obstacle points), possibly with crossings. We provide an algorithm to decide whether such a drawing can be untangled, namely, if one can slide the vertices…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Éric Colin de Verdière , Vincent Despré , Loïc Dubois

We compute the quadratic embedding constant for complete bipartite graphs with disjoint edges removed. Moreover, we study the quadratic embedding property for theta graphs, i.e., graphs consisting of three paths with common initial points…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Wojciech Młotkowski , Marek Skrzypczyk , Michał Wojtylak

For a given spatial graph $\mathcal{G} \subset \mathbb{R}^3$, we would like to find a closed orientable surface $\mathcal{S}$ embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ in which $\mathcal{G}$ is cellular embedded. However, for general $\mathcal{G}$ this is…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-10-21 Senja Barthel , Fabio Buccoliero

Let $\mathbb{S}_g$ be the orientable surface of genus $g$. We show that the number of vertex-labelled cubic multigraphs embeddable on $\mathbb{S}_g$ with $2n$ vertices is asymptotically $c_g n^{5(g-1)/2-1}\gamma^{2n}(2n)!$, where $\gamma$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-04-12 Wenjie Fang , Mihyun Kang , Michael Moßhammer , Philipp Sprüssel

We consider the embeddability problem of a graph G into a two-dimensional simplicial complex C: Given G and C, decide whether G admits a topological embedding into C. The problem is NP-hard, even in the restricted case where C is…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Éric Colin de Verdière , Thomas Magnard

Immersions of graphs to the projective plane are studied. A classification of immersions up to regular homotopy is given. A complete invariant of immersions up to regular homotopy is constructed. Equivalence classes are described.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-03-21 Maxim A. Ivashkovskii

In this article we present theoretical and computational results on the existence of polyhedral embeddings of graphs. The emphasis is on cubic graphs. We also describe an efficient algorithm to compute all polyhedral embeddings of a given…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Gunnar Brinkmann , Thomas Tucker , Nico Van Cleemput

Graph embedding techniques are pivotal in real-world machine learning tasks that operate on graph-structured data, such as social recommendation and protein structure modeling. Embeddings are mostly performed on the node level for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Nan Wang , Lu Lin , Jundong Li , Hongning Wang

This is an exposition of results on the existence problem of $\pi_1$-injective immersed and embedded surfaces in graph-manifolds, and also of nonpositively curved metrics on graph-manifolds, obtained by different authors. The results are…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 S. Buyalo , P. Svetlov

Learning faithful graph representations as sets of vertex embeddings has become a fundamental intermediary step in a wide range of machine learning applications. The quality of the embeddings is usually determined by how well the geometry…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Federico López , Beatrice Pozzetti , Steve Trettel , Anna Wienhard

We derive "numerical" criteria for the existence of embeddings of representations of finite dimensional algebras.

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2014-06-23 Kathrin Kerkmann , Markus Reineke

This paper presents primarily two Euclidean embeddings of the quotient space generated by matrices that are identified modulo arbitrary row permutations. The original application is in deep learning on graphs where the learning task is…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-03-16 Radu Balan , Naveed Haghani , Maneesh Singh

In a closed 2-cell embedding of a graph each face is homeomorphic to an open disk and is bounded by a cycle in the graph. The Orientable Strong Embedding Conjecture says that every 2-connected graph has a closed 2-cell embedding in some…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-11-17 M. N. Ellingham , Xiaoya Zha

There are two problems Analytical Geometry with facing anyone who studies this discipline: define the nature of the locus represented by the general equation 2do degree in two or three variables: That curve represents the plane? What…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2013-03-22 Jaime Chica , Jonathan Taborda