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The optimization foundations of deep linear networks have recently received significant attention. However, due to their inherent non-convexity and hierarchical structure, analyzing the loss functions of deep linear networks remains a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Po Chen , Rujun Jiang , Peng Wang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) achieve remarkable performance in graph machine learning tasks but can be hard to train on large-graph data, where their learning dynamics are not well understood. We investigate the training dynamics of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Sanjukta Krishnagopal , Luana Ruiz

The softmax activation function plays a crucial role in the success of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the self-attention mechanism of the widely adopted Transformer architecture. However, the underlying learning dynamics that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yang Cao , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

We continue a long line of research aimed at proving convergence of depth 2 neural networks, trained via gradient descent, to a global minimum. Like in many previous works, our model has the following features: regression with quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Alexander Razborov

It is well-known that the training of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) can be formalized in the language of optimal control. In this context, this paper leverages classical turnpike properties of optimal control problems to attempt a quantifiable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Timm Faulwasser , Arne-Jens Hempel , Stefan Streif

Sparse neural networks promise efficiency, yet training them effectively remains a fundamental challenge. Despite advances in pruning methods that create sparse architectures, understanding why some sparse structures are better trainable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Hoang Pham , The-Anh Ta , Tom Jacobs , Rebekka Burkholz , Long Tran-Thanh

We consider the approximation rates of shallow neural networks with respect to the variation norm. Upper bounds on these rates have been established for sigmoidal and ReLU activation functions, but it has remained an important open problem…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-10 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

Understanding the relationship between the depth of a neural network and its representational capacity is a central problem in deep learning theory. In this work, we develop a geometric framework to analyze the expressivity of ReLU networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Juan L. Valerdi

Determining the minimum width of fully connected neural networks has become a fundamental problem in recent theoretical studies of deep neural networks. In this paper, we study the lower bounds and upper bounds of the minimum width required…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xiao-Song Yang , Qi Zhou , Xuan Zhou

While deep learning is successful in a number of applications, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A satisfactory theoretical characterization of deep learning however, is beginning to emerge. It covers the following questions: 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Tomaso Poggio , Andrzej Banburski , Qianli Liao

Implicit deep learning has received increasing attention recently due to the fact that it generalizes the recursive prediction rules of many commonly used neural network architectures. Its prediction rule is provided implicitly based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Tianxiang Gao , Hailiang Liu , Jia Liu , Hridesh Rajan , Hongyang Gao

We establish a margin based data dependent generalization error bound for a general family of deep neural networks in terms of the depth and width, as well as the Jacobian of the networks. Through introducing a new characterization of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Xingguo Li , Junwei Lu , Zhaoran Wang , Jarvis Haupt , Tuo Zhao

Deep neural networks are highly expressive machine learning models with the ability to interpolate arbitrary datasets. Deep nets are typically optimized via first-order methods and the optimization process crucially depends on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-12 Talha Cihad Gulcu

As a popular approach to modeling the dynamics of training overparametrized neural networks (NNs), the neural tangent kernels (NTK) are known to fall behind real-world NNs in generalization ability. This performance gap is in part due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Shuxiao Chen , Hangfeng He , Weijie J. Su

In multi-objective optimization, multiple loss terms are weighted and added together to form a single objective. These weights are chosen to properly balance the competing losses according to some meta-goal. For example, in physics-informed…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Max Hirsch , Federico Pichi

We derive upper bounds on the complexity of ReLU neural networks approximating the solution of a linear system given the matrix and the right-hand side. We focus on matrices which are symmetric positive definite and sparse, as they appear…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Benjamin Dörich , Roland Maier , Lukas Ullmer

While deep learning models and techniques have achieved great empirical success, our understanding of the source of success in many aspects remains very limited. In an attempt to bridge the gap, we investigate the decision boundary of a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-03 Yu Li , Lizhong Ding , Xin Gao

For small training set sizes $P$, the generalization error of wide neural networks is well-approximated by the error of an infinite width neural network (NN), either in the kernel or mean-field/feature-learning regime. However, after a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-26 Alexander Atanasov , Blake Bordelon , Sabarish Sainathan , Cengiz Pehlevan

Previous work has cast doubt on the general framework of uniform convergence and its ability to explain generalization in neural networks. By considering a specific dataset, it was observed that a neural network completely misclassifies a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Gregor Bachmann , Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Thomas Hofmann

Neural networks have been very successful in many applications; we often, however, lack a theoretical understanding of what the neural networks are actually learning. This problem emerges when trying to generalise to new data sets. The…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2022-11-22 Matthew Thorpe , Yves van Gennip