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Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong reasoning performance by allocating substantial computation at inference time, often generating long and verbose reasoning traces. While recent work on efficient reasoning reduces this overhead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Han Wang , Xiaodong Yu , Jialian Wu , Jiang Liu , Ximeng Sun , Mohit Bansal , Zicheng Liu

We introduce the SaaS Algorithm for semi-supervised learning, which uses learning speed during stochastic gradient descent in a deep neural network to measure the quality of an iterative estimate of the posterior probability of unknown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Safa Cicek , Alhussein Fawzi , Stefano Soatto

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in Automated Essay Scoring (AES), but their zero-shot and few-shot performance often falls short compared to state-of-the-art models and human raters. However, fine-tuning LLMs for each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Seungju Kim , Meounggun Jo

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems are widely popular in the market as they constitute a cost-effective and time-effective option for grading systems. Nevertheless, many studies have demonstrated that the AES system fails to assign lower…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Sourya Dipta Das , Yash Vadi , Kuldeep Yadav

Sequential recommender systems (SRS) have gained increasing popularity due to their remarkable proficiency in capturing dynamic user preferences. In the current setup of SRS, a common configuration is to uniformly consider each historical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hao Zhang , Mingyue Cheng , Zhiding Liu , Junzhe Jiang

Assessing soft skills such as empathy, ethical judgment, and communication is essential in competitive selection processes, yet human scoring is often inconsistent and biased. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved Automated Essay…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ryan Huynh , Frank Guerin , Alison Callwood

The evaluation of question answering models compares ground-truth annotations with model predictions. However, as of today, this comparison is mostly lexical-based and therefore misses out on answers that have no lexical overlap but are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Julian Risch , Timo Möller , Julian Gutsch , Malte Pietsch

Despite the great success of word embedding, sentence embedding remains a not-well-solved problem. In this paper, we present a supervised learning framework to exploit sentence embedding for the medical question answering task. The learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Yu Hao , Xien Liu , Ji Wu , Ping Lv

This study aimed to determine if ChatGPT's large language models could match the scoring accuracy of human and machine scores from the ASAP competition. The investigation focused on various prediction models, including linear regression,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Mark D. Shermis

We describe a novel method for efficiently eliciting scalar annotations for dataset construction and system quality estimation by human judgments. We contrast direct assessment (annotators assign scores to items directly), online pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Keisuke Sakaguchi , Benjamin Van Durme

Automated essay scoring (AES) is commonly evaluated on public benchmarks using quadratic weighted kappa (QWK). However, because benchmark labels are assigned by human raters and inevitably contain scoring errors, it remains unclear both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Masaki Uto

Grading is a time-consuming and laborious task that educators must face. It is an important task since it provides feedback signals to learners, and it has been demonstrated that timely feedback improves the learning process. In recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Germán Capdehourat , Isabel Amigo , Brian Lorenzo , Joaquín Trigo

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in assessing language learners' writing quality, reducing grading workload, and providing real-time feedback. The lack of annotated essay datasets inhibits the development of Arabic AES…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Chatrine Qwaider , Bashar Alhafni , Kirill Chirkunov , Nizar Habash , Ted Briscoe

Automatic short answer scoring is one of the text classification problems to assess students' answers during exams automatically. Several challenges can arise in making an automatic short answer scoring system, one of which is the quantity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Rian Adam Rajagede , Rochana Prih Hastuti

Prompts are crucial to large language models as they provide context information such as topic or logical relationships. Inspired by this, we propose PromptASR, a framework that integrates prompts in end-to-end automatic speech recognition…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-25 Xiaoyu Yang , Wei Kang , Zengwei Yao , Yifan Yang , Liyong Guo , Fangjun Kuang , Long Lin , Daniel Povey

Automated essay scoring (AES) to evaluate second language (L2) proficiency has been a firmly established technology used in educational contexts for decades. Although holistic scoring has seen advancements in AES that match or even exceed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Stefano Bannò , Hari Krishna Vydana , Kate M. Knill , Mark J. F. Gales

The MUSICC project has created a proof-of-concept scenario database to be used as part of a type approval process for the verification of automated driving systems (ADS). This process must include a highly automated means of evaluating test…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Robert Myers , Zeyn Saigol

English proficiency assessments have become a necessary metric for filtering and selecting prospective candidates for both academia and industry. With the rise in demand for such assessments, it has become increasingly necessary to have the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Pakhi Bamdev , Manraj Singh Grover , Yaman Kumar Singla , Payman Vafaee , Mika Hama , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Automated essay scoring (AES) is a useful tool in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing education, offering real-time essay scores for students and instructors. However, previous AES models were trained on essays and scores irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haneul Yoo , Jieun Han , So-Yeon Ahn , Alice Oh

Industrial search and recommendation systems mostly follow the classic multi-stage information retrieval paradigm: matching, pre-ranking, ranking, and re-ranking stages. To account for system efficiency, simple vector-product based models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Xiang Li , Xiaojiang Zhou , Yao Xiao , Peihao Huang , Dayao Chen , Sheng Chen , Yunsen Xian
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