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An oracle is a mechanism to decide whether the outputs of the program for the executed test cases are correct. For machine learning programs, such oracle is not available or too difficult to apply. Metamorphic testing is a testing approach…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Madhusudan Srinivasan , Upulee Kanewala

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in Text-to-SQL tasks, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become a common method for improving performance. Existing methods primarily rely on static execution feedback, which restricts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Zekun Xu , Siyu Xia , Chuhuai Yue , Jiajun Chai , Mingxue Tian , Xiaohan Wang , Wei Lin , Haoxuan Li , Guojun Yin

Previous text-to-SQL datasets and systems have primarily focused on user questions with clear intentions that can be answered. However, real user questions can often be ambiguous with multiple interpretations or unanswerable due to a lack…

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in Text-to-SQL tasks, open-source LLMs encounter challenges in contextual understanding and response coherence. To tackle these issues, we present \ours, a systematic methodology tailored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xiaojun Chen , Tianle Wang , Tianhao Qiu , Jianbin Qin , Min Yang

While fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) excel in generating grammatically valid SQL in Text-to-SQL parsing, they often struggle to ensure semantic accuracy in queries, leading to user confusion and diminished system usability. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jipeng Cen , Jiaxin Liu , Zhixu Li , Jingjing Wang

In recent years,Text-to-SQL, the problem of automatically converting questions posed in natural language to formal SQL queries, has emerged as an important problem at the intersection of natural language processing and data management…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Ke Shen , Mayank Kejriwal

We present a generative model to map natural language questions into SQL queries. Existing neural network based approaches typically generate a SQL query word-by-word, however, a large portion of the generated results are incorrect or not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Yibo Sun , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Jianshu Ji , Guihong Cao , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin , Ting Liu , Ming Zhou

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved performance on the Text-to-SQL task. However, prior approaches typically rely on static, pre-processed database information provided at inference time, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Wenxuan Xie , Yaxun Dai , Wenhao Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have been adopted to perform text-to-SQL tasks, utilizing their in-context learning (ICL) capability to translate natural language questions into structured query language (SQL). However, such a technique faces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jiawei Shen , Chengcheng Wan , Ruoyi Qiao , Jiazhen Zou , Hang Xu , Yuchen Shao , Yueling Zhang , Weikai Miao , Geguang Pu

Leading models for the text-to-SQL task heavily rely on proprietary Large Language Models (LLMs), posing concerns over data privacy. Closing the performance gap between small open-source models and large proprietary models is crucial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Mohammadreza Pourreza , Davood Rafiei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising solution for converting natural language queries into SQL commands, enabling seamless database interaction. However, these Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) systems face inherent limitations,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Prakhar Gurawa , Anjali Dharmik

In-context learning (ICL) is a powerful paradigm where large language models (LLMs) benefit from task demonstrations added to the prompt. Yet, selecting optimal demonstrations is not trivial, especially for complex or multi-modal tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Chuhong Mai , Ro-ee Tal , Thahir Mohamed

Database research and the development of learned query optimisers rely heavily on realistic SQL workloads. Acquiring real-world queries is increasingly difficult, however, due to strict privacy regulations, and publicly released anonymised…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kahan Mehta , Amit Mankodi

Generating accurate SQL queries for user questions (text-to-SQL) has been a long-standing challenge since it requires a deep understanding of both the user's question and the corresponding database schema in order to retrieve the desired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Hao Chen , Qinggang Zhang , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

With the development of the Large Language Models (LLMs), a large range of LLM-based Text-to-SQL(Text2SQL) methods have emerged. This survey provides a comprehensive review of LLM-based Text2SQL studies. We first enumerate classic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Liang Shi , Zhengju Tang , Nan Zhang , Xiaotong Zhang , Zhi Yang

State-of-the-art (SOTA) Text-to-SQL methods still lag significantly behind human experts on challenging benchmarks like BIRD. Current approaches that explore test-time scaling lack an orchestrated strategy and neglect the model's internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Pengfei Wang , Baolin Sun , Xuemei Dong , Yaxun Dai , Hongwei Yuan , Mengdie Chu , Yingqi Gao , Xiang Qi , Peng Zhang , Ying Yan

In text-to-SQL task, seq-to-seq models often lead to sub-optimal performance due to limitations in their architecture. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective approach that adapts transformer-based seq-to-seq model to robust…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Kuan Xu , Yongbo Wang , Yongliang Wang , Zujie Wen , Yang Dong

Metamorphic Testing (MT) alleviates the oracle problem by defining oracles based on metamorphic relations (MRs), that govern multiple related inputs and their outputs. However, designing MRs is challenging, as it requires domain-specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Congying Xu , Valerio Terragni , Hengcheng Zhu , Jiarong Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung

As the laws have become more complicated and enormous, the role of software systems in navigating and understanding these intricacies has become more critical. Given their socio-economic and legally critical implications, ensuring software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Saeid Tizpaz-Niari , Shiva Darian , Ashutosh Trivedi

Transforming natural-language requests into reliable, production-ready data transformations remains challenging: correctness depends on precise schema linking and warehouse-specific SQL dialects, while the strongest supervision available…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Anni Li , Aria Attar , Paul Dong