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Text-to-SQL systems facilitate smooth interaction with databases by translating natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL), bridging the gap between non-technical users and complex database management systems. This survey…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Aditi Singh , Akash Shetty , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei

The complexity of SQL and the spatial semantics of PostGIS create barriers for non-experts working with spatial data. Although large language models can translate natural language into SQL, spatial Text-to-SQL is more error-prone than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Ali Khosravi Kazazi , Zhenlong Li , M. Naser Lessani , Guido Cervone

We present a simple methods to leverage the table content for the BERT-based model to solve the text-to-SQL problem. Based on the observation that some of the table content match some words in question string and some of the table header…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Tong Guo , Huilin Gao

Conversational text-to-SQL aims at converting multi-turn natural language queries into their corresponding SQL (Structured Query Language) representations. One of the most intractable problems of conversational text-to-SQL is modelling the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Yuntao Li , Hanchu Zhang , Yutian Li , Sirui Wang , Wei Wu , Yan Zhang

Metamorphic testing (MT) has proven to be a successful solution to automating testing and addressing the oracle problem. However, it entails manually deriving metamorphic relations (MRs) and converting them into an executable form; these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Seung Yeob Shin , Fabrizio Pastore , Domenico Bianculli , Alexandra Baicoianu

Deep learning (DL) frameworks are essential to DL-based software systems, and framework bugs may lead to substantial disasters, thus requiring effective testing. Researchers adopt DL models or single interfaces as test inputs and analyze…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yanzhou Mu , Juan Zhai , Chunrong Fang , Xiang Chen , Zhixiang Cao , Peiran Yang , Kexin Zhao , An Guo , Zhenyu Chen

LLM-based agents for text-to-SQL often struggle with latency-performance trade-off, where performance improvements come at the cost of latency or vice versa. We reformulate text-to-SQL generation within the lens of software test coverage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tanmay Parekh , Ella Hofmann-Coyle , Shuyi Wang , Sachith Sri Ram Kothur , Srivas Prasad , Yunmo Chen

Addressing the mismatch between natural language descriptions and the corresponding SQL queries is a key challenge for text-to-SQL translation. To bridge this gap, we propose an SQL intermediate representation (IR) called Natural SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Yujian Gan , Xinyun Chen , Jinxia Xie , Matthew Purver , John R. Woodward , John Drake , Qiaofu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with the precise logic and schema alignment required for complex Text-to-SQL tasks. While current methods rely heavily on static prompting, they lack the ability to dynamically adapt and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haolin Yang , Jipeng Zhang , Zhitao He , Alexander Zhou , Yi R. Fung

To access data stored in relational databases, users need to understand the database schema and write a query using a query language such as SQL. To simplify this task, text-to-SQL models attempt to translate a user's natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Amol Kelkar , Rohan Relan , Vaishali Bhardwaj , Saurabh Vaichal , Chandra Khatri , Peter Relan

This paper presents a data-driven framework to improve the trustworthiness of US tax preparation software systems. Given the legal implications of bugs in such software on its users, ensuring compliance and trustworthiness of tax…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Saeid Tizpaz-Niari , Verya Monjezi , Morgan Wagner , Shiva Darian , Krystia Reed , Ashutosh Trivedi

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a general approach for the testing of a specific kind of software systems -- so-called ``non-testable'', where the ``classical'' testing approaches are difficult to apply. MT is an effective approach for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Nasser Alzahrani , Maria Spichkova , James Harland

Recent LLM-based Text-to-SQL methods usually suffer from significant performance degradation on "huge" databases and complex user questions that require multi-step reasoning. Moreover, most existing methods neglect the crucial significance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bing Wang , Changyu Ren , Jian Yang , Xinnian Liang , Jiaqi Bai , LinZheng Chai , Zhao Yan , Qian-Wen Zhang , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Zhoujun Li

Text-to-SQL parsing has achieved remarkable progress under the Full Schema Assumption. However, this premise fails in real-world enterprise environments where databases contain hundreds of tables with massive noisy metadata. Rather than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ai Jian , Xiaoyun Zhang , Wanrou Du , Jingqing Ruan , Jiangbo Pei , Weipeng Zhang , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai

To be informative, an evaluation must measure how well systems generalize to realistic unseen data. We identify limitations of and propose improvements to current evaluations of text-to-SQL systems. First, we compare human-generated and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Catherine Finegan-Dollak , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Li Zhang , Karthik Ramanathan , Sesh Sadasivam , Rui Zhang , Dragomir Radev

Text-to-SQL is a technology that converts natural language queries into the structured query language SQL. A novel research approach that has recently gained attention focuses on methods based on the complexity of SQL queries, achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jiawen Yi , Guo Chen , Zixiang Shen

LLMs when used with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), are greatly improving the SOTA of translating natural language queries to structured and correct SQL. Unlike previous reviews, this survey provides a comprehensive study of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Ali Mohammadjafari , Anthony S. Maida , Raju Gottumukkala

Large Language Model-based (LLM-based) Text-to-SQL methods have achieved important progress in generating SQL queries for real-world applications. When confronted with table content-aware questions in real-world scenarios, ambiguous data…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Wenbo Xu , Liang Yan , Chuanyi Liu , Peiyi Han , Haifeng Zhu , Yong Xu , Yingwei Liang , Bob Zhang

Text-to-SQL systems (also known as NL-to-SQL systems) have become an increasingly popular solution for bridging the gap between user capabilities and SQL-based data access. These systems translate user requests in natural language to valid…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jonathan Fürst , Catherine Kosten , Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Yi Zhang , Kurt Stockinger

Due to the ever-increasing complexity of income tax laws in the United States, the number of US taxpayers filing their taxes using tax preparation software (henceforth, tax software) continues to increase. According to the U.S. Internal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Dananjay Srinivas , Rohan Das , Saeid Tizpaz-Niari , Ashutosh Trivedi , Maria Leonor Pacheco