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Modern convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are known to be overconfident in terms of their calibration on unseen input data. That is to say, they are more confident than they are accurate. This is undesirable if the probabilities predicted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Guoxuan Xia , Sangwon Ha , Tiago Azevedo , Partha Maji

Reliable uncertainty estimation is critical for deploying neural networks (NNs) in real-world applications. While existing calibration techniques often rely on post-hoc adjustments or coarse-grained binning methods, they remain limited in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Pedro Mendes , Paolo Romano , David Garlan

When neural networks are confronted with unfamiliar data that deviate from their training set, this signifies a domain shift. While these networks output predictions on their inputs, they typically fail to account for their level of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Fin Amin , Jung-Eun Kim

Recent works have shown that deep neural networks can achieve super-human performance in a wide range of image classification tasks in the medical imaging domain. However, these works have primarily focused on classification accuracy,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Gongbo Liang , Yu Zhang , Xiaoqin Wang , Nathan Jacobs

Within the last few years, there has been a move towards using statistical models in conjunction with neural networks with the end goal of being able to better answer the question, "what do our models know?". From this trend, classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Achintya Gopal

Code language models are increasingly adopted for both understanding and generative tasks. Despite their success, these models frequently produce overconfident incorrect predictions and underconfident correct predictions, undermining their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ravishka Rathnasuriya , Wei Yang

This paper investigates the post-hoc calibration of confidence for "exploratory" machine learning classification problems. The difficulty in these problems stems from the continuing desire to push the boundaries of which categories have…

We prove a fundamental impossibility theorem: neural networks cannot simultaneously learn well-calibrated confidence estimates with meaningful diversity when trained using binary correct/incorrect supervision. Through rigorous mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Arjun S. Nair , Kristina P. Sinaga

Uncertainty quantification is critical in safety-sensitive applications but is often omitted from off-the-shelf neural networks due to adverse effects on predictive performance. Retrofitting uncertainty estimates post-hoc typically requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Lennart Bramlage , Cristóbal Curio

Neural networks for automated image segmentation are typically trained to achieve maximum accuracy, while less attention has been given to the calibration of their confidence scores. However, well-calibrated confidence scores provide…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-28 Axel-Jan Rousseau , Thijs Becker , Jeroen Bertels , Matthew B. Blaschko , Dirk Valkenborg

Predictive variability due to data ambiguities has typically been addressed via construction of dedicated models with built-in probabilistic capabilities that are trained to predict uncertainty estimates as variables of interest. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Katarína Tóthová , Ľubor Ladický , Daniel Thul , Marc Pollefeys , Ender Konukoglu

Neural networks have proven successful at learning from complex data distributions by acting as universal function approximators. However, they are often overconfident in their predictions, which leads to inaccurate and miscalibrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Jeffrey Willette , Juho Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

We present a novel approach to calibrating linguistic expressions of certainty, e.g., "Maybe" and "Likely". Unlike prior work that assigns a single score to each certainty phrase, we model uncertainty as distributions over the simplex to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Peiqi Wang , Barbara D. Lam , Yingcheng Liu , Ameneh Asgari-Targhi , Rameswar Panda , William M. Wells , Tina Kapur , Polina Golland

Classifiers deployed in high-stakes real-world applications must output calibrated confidence scores, i.e. their predicted probabilities should reflect empirical frequencies. Recalibration algorithms can greatly improve a model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Rachel Luo , Shengjia Zhao , Jiaming Song , Jonathan Kuck , Stefano Ermon , Silvio Savarese

Deep unsupervised anomaly detection has seen improvements in a supervised binary classification paradigm in which auxiliary external data is included in the training set as anomalous data in a process referred to as outlier exposure, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Sean Gloumeau

Model calibration is essential for ensuring that the predictions of deep neural networks accurately reflect true probabilities in real-world classification tasks. However, deep networks often produce over-confident or under-confident…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jinxu Lin , Linwei Tao , Minjing Dong , Chang Xu

As machine learning techniques become widely adopted in new domains, especially in safety-critical systems such as autonomous vehicles, it is crucial to provide accurate output uncertainty estimation. As a result, many approaches have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Sooyong Jang , Radoslav Ivanov , Insup Lee , James Weimer

Being cautious is crucial for enhancing the trustworthiness of machine learning systems integrated into decision-making pipelines. Although calibrated probabilities help in optimal decision-making, perfect calibration remains unattainable,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Mari-Liis Allikivi , Joonas Järve , Meelis Kull

Calibration error is commonly adopted for evaluating the quality of uncertainty estimators in deep neural networks. In this paper, we argue that such a metric is highly beneficial for training predictive models, even when we do not…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-01 Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Bindya Venkatesh , Deepta Rajan

We propose a generic framework to calibrate accuracy and confidence of a prediction in deep neural networks through stochastic inferences. We interpret stochastic regularization using a Bayesian model, and analyze the relation between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Seonguk Seo , Paul Hongsuck Seo , Bohyung Han