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Due to their numerous advantages, formal proofs and proof assistants, such as Coq, are becoming increasingly popular. However, one disadvantage of using proof assistants is that the resulting proofs can sometimes be hard to read and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Andrew Bedford

The combination of verifiable languages and LLMs has significantly influenced both the mathematical and computer science communities because it provides a rigorous foundation for theorem proving. Recent advancements in the field provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Hanning Zhang , Ruida Wang , Rui Pan , Wenyuan Wang , Bingxu Meng , Tong Zhang

The design and analysis of systems that combine computational behaviour with physical processes' continuous dynamics - such as movement, velocity, and voltage - is a famous, challenging task. Several theoretical results from programming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-22 Pedro Mendes , Ricardo Correia , Renato Neves , José Proença

Despite the vast body of research literature proposing algorithms with formal guarantees, the amount of verifiable code in today's systems remains minimal. This discrepancy stems from the inherent difficulty of verifying code, particularly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Changjie Wang , Mariano Scazzariello , Marco Chiesa

This paper documents Int2Int, an open source code base for using transformers on problems of mathematical research, with a focus on number theory and other problems involving integers. Int2Int is a complete PyTorch implementation of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 François Charton

This paper describes a formal proof library, developed using the Coq proof assistant, designed to assist users in writing correct diagrammatic proofs, for 1-categories. This library proposes a deep-embedded, domain-specific formal language,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Benoît Guillemet , Assia Mahboubi , Matthieu Piquerez

Quantum finite automata have been studied intensively since their introduction in late 1990s as a natural model of a quantum computer with finite-dimensional quantum memory space. This paper seeks their direct application to interactive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-26 Harumichi Nishimura , Tomoyuki Yamakami

Nowadays, formal theorem provers have made monumental progress on high-school and competition-level mathematics, but few of them generalize to more advanced mathematics. In this paper, we present REAL-Prover, a new open-source stepwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ziju Shen , Naohao Huang , Fanyi Yang , Yutong Wang , Guoxiong Gao , Tianyi Xu , Jiedong Jiang , Wanyi He , Pu Yang , Mengzhou Sun , Haocheng Ju , Peihao Wu , Bryan Dai , Bin Dong

Formal verification is increasingly recognized as a critical foundation for building reliable software systems. However, the need for specialized expertise to write precise specifications, navigate complex proof obligations, and learn…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Changjie Wang , Mariano Scazzariello , Anoud Alshnakat , Roberto Guanciale , Dejan Kostić , Marco Chiesa

Labeled data for imitation learning of theorem proving in large libraries of formalized mathematics is scarce as such libraries require years of concentrated effort by human specialists to be built. This is particularly challenging when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Jesse Michael Han , Jason Rute , Yuhuai Wu , Edward W. Ayers , Stanislas Polu

Structural proof theory is praised for being a symbolic approach to reasoning and proofs, in which one can define schemas for reasoning steps and manipulate proofs as a mathematical structure. For this to be possible, proof systems must be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Giselle Reis

During 2024 and 2025 the discussion about the theorem-proving capabilities of large language models started reporting interesting success stories, mostly to do with difficult exercises (such as problems from the International Mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Hieu Le Duc , Leo Liberti

Automated theorem provers are now commonly used within interactive theorem provers to discharge an increasingly large number of proof obligations. To maintain the trustworthiness of a proof, the automatically found proof must be verified…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Mathias Fleury , Hans-Jörg Schurr

In recent years the effectiveness of interactive theorem provers has increased to an extent that the bottleneck in the interactive process shifted to efficiency: while in principle large and complex theorems are provable (effectiveness), it…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-10-31 Bernhard Beckert , Sarah Grebing , Florian Böhl

Mechanized theorem proving is becoming the basis of reliable systems programming and rigorous mathematics. Despite decades of progress in proof automation, writing mechanized proofs still requires engineers' expertise and remains labor…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Yutaka Nagashima

Verifying textual claims against structured tabular data is a critical yet challenging task in Natural Language Processing with broad real-world impact. While recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled significant progress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Tim Luka Horstmann , Baptiste Geisenberger , Mehwish Alam

Auto-active verifiers provide a level of automation intermediate between fully automatic and interactive: users supply code with annotations as input while benefiting from a high level of automation in the back-end. This paper presents…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Julian Tschannen , Carlo A. Furia , Martin Nordio , Nadia Polikarpova

"Computational experiments" use code and interactive visualizations to convey mathematical and physical concepts in an intuitive way, and are increasingly used to support ex cathedra lecturing in scientific and engineering disciplines.…

Recently, researchers have been working toward the development of practical general-purpose protocols for verifiable computation. These protocols enable a computationally weak verifier to offload computations to a powerful but untrusted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Justin Thaler

Representation determines how we can reason about a specific problem. Sometimes one representation helps us find a proof more easily than others. Most current automated reasoning tools focus on reasoning within one representation. There is,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-05-12 Daniel Raggi , Alan Bundy , Gudmund Grov , Alison Pease