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We demonstrate Mach-Zehnder-type interferometry in a superconducting flux qubit. The qubit is a tunable artificial atom, whose ground and excited states exhibit an avoided crossing. Strongly driving the qubit with harmonic excitation sweeps…

Linear optics underpins tests of fundamental quantum mechanics and computer science, as well as quantum technologies. Here we experimentally demonstrate the longstanding goal of a single reprogrammable optical circuit that is sufficient to…

Imperfections in integrated photonics manufacturing have a detrimental effect on the maximal achievable visibility in interferometric architectures. These limits have profound implications for further photonics technological developments…

In this paper, we consider the generation and utilization of helper data for physical unclonable functions (PUFs) that provide real-valued readout symbols. Compared to classical binary PUFs, more entropy can be extracted from each basic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Robert F. H. Fischer

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) rely on sensor feedback to keep safety-critical processes within operational limits. This research presents a hardware-root-of-trust that embeds a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) at the measurement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ahmed Oun , Rishabh Das , Clay Hess , Aakriti Barat , Savas Kaya

We consider a recently proposed entity authentication protocol, in which a physical unclonable key is interrogated by random coherent states of light, and the quadratures of the scattered light are analysed by means of a coarse-grained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-04 Georgios M. Nikolopoulos

Growing application space in optical communications, computing, and sensing continues to drive the need for high-performance integrated photonic components. Designing these on-chip systems with complex and application-specific functionality…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Ali Najjar Amiri , Aycan Deniz Vit , Kazim Gorgulu , Emir Salih Magden

Cryptographic algorithms rely on the secrecy of their corresponding keys. On embedded systems with standard CMOS chips, where secure permanent memory such as flash is not available as a key storage, the secret key can be derived from…

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) provide a streamlined solution for lightweight device authentication. Delay-based Arbiter PUFs, with their ease of implementation and vast challenge space, have received significant attention; however,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Hongming Fei , Owen Millwood , Prosanta Gope , Jack Miskelly , Biplab Sikdar

Programmable linear optical interferometers are a core primitive in optical signal processing, quantum information processing, and photonic computing. Existing photonic-integrated implementations realize arbitrary $M$-mode unitaries using…

The Mach-Zehnder interferometer is a fundamental tool for measuring phase shifts between two light paths, serving as a crucial prototype for achieving high-precision measurements in various scientific and technological applications. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Bing-Shu Hu , Xiao-Ming Lu

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) involve challenging practical applications of error-correcting codes (ECCs), requiring extremely low failure rates on the order of $10^{-6}$ and below despite raw input bit error rates as high as 22%.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Marvin Rübenacke , Sebastian Cammerer , Michael Sullivan , Alexander Keller

Optical cavities find diverse uses in lasers, frequency combs, optomechanics, and optical signal processors. Complete reconfigurability of the resonant frequency as well as the loss enables development of generic field programmable cavities…

Optics · Physics 2023-01-31 Aneesh Dash , Viphretuo Mere , S. K. Selvaraja , A. K. Naik

Batteryless energy harvesting IoT sensor nodes such as beat sensors can be deployed in millions without the need to replace batteries. They are ultra-low-power and cost-effective wireless sensor nodes without the maintenance cost and can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Hoang-Long Pham , Duy-Hieu Bui , Xuan-Tu Tran , Orazio Aiello

We propose and experimentally demonstrate that a Mach-Zehnder interferometer composed of polarized beam splitters and a pentaprism in the place of one of the mirrors works as a linear optical quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate. To perform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-18 J. H. Lopes , W. C. Soares , B. L. Bernardo , D. P. Caetano , Askery Canabarro

Using spontaneous parametric down conversion and a 50:50 beam splitter, we generate coaxial polarization-entangled photon pairs, of which the two photons are far separated from each other. The photons are then sent one by one through one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-05-06 Xian-Min Jin , Cheng-Zhi Peng , Tao Yang , Youjin Deng

We construct unclonable encryption (UE) in the Haar random oracle model, where all parties have query access to $U,U^\dagger,U^*,U^T$ for a Haar random unitary $U$. Our scheme satisfies the standard notion of unclonable indistinguishability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 James Bartusek , Eli Goldin

Interferometers are some of the most important optical devices, yet their spin wave based analogues so far received limited attention. In this work we demonstrate how one can design Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) operating on spin waves,…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-04-26 Kirill A. Rivkin

An SRAM Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) can distinguish SRAM modules by analyzing the inherent randomness of their start-up behavior. However, the effectiveness of this technique varies depending on the design and fabrication of the SRAM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Martina Zeinzinger , Josef Langer , Florian Eibensteiner , Phillip Petz , Lucas Drack , Daniel Dorfmeister , Rudolf Ramler

Formulating and designing authentication of classical messages in the presence of adversaries with quantum query access has been a longstanding challenge, as the familiar classical notions of unforgeability do not directly translate into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-21 Gorjan Alagic , Christian Majenz , Alexander Russell , Fang Song