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Accurate weather and climate prediction relies on data assimilation (DA), which estimates the Earth system state by integrating observations with models. While exascale computing has significantly advanced earth simulation, scalable and…

Data assimilation (DA) plays a pivotal role in numerical weather prediction by systematically integrating sparse observations with model forecasts to estimate optimal atmospheric initial condition for forthcoming forecasts. Traditional…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Jing-An Sun , Hang Fan , Junchao Gong , Ben Fei , Kun Chen , Fenghua Ling , Wenlong Zhang , Wanghan Xu , Li Yan , Pierre Gentine , Lei Bai

Using a very cheap Data Assimilation (DA) method, I show an alternative approach to classical DA for numerical climate models which produce a large amount of "big data". The problematic features of state-of-the-art high resolution Regional…

Applications · Statistics 2016-10-12 Bijan Fallah

Data assimilation (DA) integrates observations with model forecasts to produce optimized atmospheric states, whose physical consistency is critical for stable weather forecasting and reliable climate research. Traditional Bayesian DA…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Hang Fan , Lei Bai , Ben Fei , Yi Xiao , Kun Chen , Yubao Liu , Yongquan Qu , Fenghua Ling , Pierre Gentine

In-situ ocean wave observations are critical to improve model skill and validate remote sensing wave measurements. Historically, such observations are extremely sparse due to the large costs and complexity of traditional wave buoys and…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2020-03-11 Pieter B. Smit , Isabel A. Houghton , Kalina Jordanova , Thomas Portwood , Evan Shapiro , David Clark , Michael Sosa , Tim T. Janssen

Data assimilation procedures have been developed for thermospheric models using satellite density measurements as part of the EU Framework Package 7 ATMOP Project. Two models were studied; one a general circulation model, TIEGCM, and the…

Space Physics · Physics 2015-05-15 Sophie A. Murray , Edmund M. Henley , David R. Jackson , Sean L. Bruinsma

Weather prediction is a critical task for human society, where impressive progress has been made by training artificial intelligence weather prediction (AIWP) methods with reanalysis data. However, reliance on reanalysis data limits the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Junchao Gong , Jingyi Xu , Ben Fei , Fenghua Ling , Wenlong Zhang , Kun Chen , Wanghan Xu , Weidong Yang , Xiaokang Yang , Lei Bai

Data assimilation techniques, developed in the last two decades mainly for weather prediction, produce better forecasts by taking advantage of both theoretical/numerical models and real-time observations. In this paper, we explore the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 Eric Bélanger , Alain Vincent , Paul Charbonneau

To model the structure and dynamics of the heliosphere well enough for high-quality forecasting, it is essential to accurately estimate the global solar magnetic field used as inner boundary condition in solar wind models. However, our…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-09 Stephan G. Heinemann , Dan Yang , Shaela I. Jones , Jens Pomoell , Eleanna Asvestari , Carl J. Henney , Charles N. Arge , Laurent Gizon

Data assimilation (DA), as an indispensable component within contemporary Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) systems, plays a crucial role in generating the analysis that significantly impacts forecast performance. Nevertheless, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xiaoze Xu , Xiuyu Sun , Wei Han , Xiaohui Zhong , Lei Chen , Hao Li

We present a concept study of a solar wind forecasting method for Earth, based on persistence modeling from STEREO in-situ measurements combined with multi-viewpoint EUV observational data. By comparing the fractional areas of coronal holes…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-01 M. Temmer , J. Hinterreiter , M. A. Reiss

Flood simulation and forecast capability have been greatly improved thanks to advances in data assimilation. Such an approach combines in-situ gauge measurements with numerical hydrodynamic models to correct the hydraulic states and reduce…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-07 Thanh Huy Nguyen , Sophie Ricci , Christophe Fatras , Andrea Piacentini , Anthéa Delmotte , Emeric Lavergne , Peter Kettig

The ambient solar wind conditions in interplanetary space and in the near-Earth environment are determined by activity on the Sun. Steady solar wind streams modulate the propagation behaviour of interplanetary coronal mass ejections and are…

Data assimilation (DA) is a fundamental component of modern weather prediction, yet it remains a major computational bottleneck in machine learning (ML)-based forecasting pipelines due to reliance on traditional variational methods. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Ran Cheng , Lailai Zhu

The generation of initial conditions via accurate data assimilation is crucial for weather forecasting and climate modeling. We propose DiffDA as a denoising diffusion model capable of assimilating atmospheric variables using predicted…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Langwen Huang , Lukas Gianinazzi , Yuejiang Yu , Peter D. Dueben , Torsten Hoefler

The integration of observational data into numerical models, known as data assimilation (DA), is fundamental for making Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) possible, with breathtaking success over the past 60 years (Bauer et al. 2015).…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Jan D. Keller , Roland Potthast

The ambient solar wind flows and fields influence the complex propagation dynamics of coronal mass ejections in the interplanetary medium and play an essential role in shaping Earth's space weather environment. A critical scientific goal in…

Data assimilation (DA) is integrated with machine learning in order to perform entirely data-driven online state estimation. To achieve this, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are implemented as surrogate models to replace key components of…

Obtaining accurate high-resolution representations of model outputs is essential to describe the system dynamics. In general, however, only spatially- and temporally-coarse observations of the system states are available. These observations…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-11-08 Mohamad Abed El Rahman Hammoud , Olivier LeMaitre , Edriss S. Titi , Ibrahim Hoteit , Omar Knio

Inspired by the concept of relativity of simultaneity used in the theory of special relativity, a new approach is proposed to simulate future solar wind conditions at any point in the inner solar system. An important distinctive feature of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-01-22 Igor V. Sokolov , Tamas I. Gombosi