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Multimodal hateful content detection is a challenging task that requires complex reasoning across visual and textual modalities. Therefore, creating a meaningful multimodal representation that effectively captures the interplay between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

With a surge in the usage of social media postings to express opinions, emotions, and ideologies, there has been a significant shift towards the calibration of social media as a rapid medium of conveying viewpoints and outlooks over the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Mohammad Kashif , Mohammad Zohair , Saquib Ali

The dissemination of hateful memes online has adverse effects on social media platforms and the real world. Detecting hateful memes is challenging, one of the reasons being the evolutionary nature of memes; new hateful memes can emerge by…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Yiting Qu , Xinlei He , Shannon Pierson , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Savvas Zannettou

Social media platforms enable the propagation of hateful content across different modalities such as textual, auditory, and visual, necessitating effective detection methods. While recent approaches have shown promise in handling individual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Girish A. Koushik , Diptesh Kanojia , Helen Treharne

Hateful memes have become a significant concern on the Internet, necessitating robust automated detection systems. While Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown promise in hateful meme detection, they face notable challenges like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingbiao Mei , Jinghong Chen , Guangyu Yang , Weizhe Lin , Bill Byrne

The recently introduced hateful meme challenge demonstrates the difficulty of determining whether a meme is hateful or not. Specifically, both unimodal language models and multimodal vision-language models cannot reach the human level of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Efrat Blaier , Itzik Malkiel , Lior Wolf

Hateful content detection is one of the areas where deep learning can and should make a significant difference. The Hateful Memes Challenge from Facebook helps fulfill such potential by challenging the contestants to detect hateful speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Yang Li , Zinc Zhang , Hutchin Huang

The age of social media is flooded with Internet memes, necessitating a clear grasp and effective identification of harmful ones. This task presents a significant challenge due to the implicit meaning embedded in memes, which is not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Hongzhan Lin , Ziyang Luo , Wei Gao , Jing Ma , Bo Wang , Ruichao Yang

The age of social media is rife with memes. Understanding and detecting harmful memes pose a significant challenge due to their implicit meaning that is not explicitly conveyed through the surface text and image. However, existing harmful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Hongzhan Lin , Ziyang Luo , Jing Ma , Long Chen

Text-embedded images can serve as a means of spreading hate speech, propaganda, and extremist beliefs. Throughout the Russia-Ukraine war, both opposing factions heavily relied on text-embedded images as a vehicle for spreading propaganda…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Umitcan Sahin , Izzet Emre Kucukkaya , Oguzhan Ozcelik , Cagri Toraman

Cultural context profoundly shapes how people interpret online content, yet vision-language models (VLMs) remain predominantly trained through Western or English-centric lenses. This limits their fairness and cross-cultural robustness in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Mo Wang , Kaixuan Ren , Pratik Jalan , Ahmed Ashraf , Tuong Vy Vu , Rahul Seetharaman , Shah Nawaz , Usman Naseem

Hateful meme detection is a new research area recently brought out that requires both visual, linguistic understanding of the meme and some background knowledge to performing well on the task. This technical report summarises the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Ron Zhu

Detecting hateful content in multimodal memes presents unique challenges, as harmful messages often emerge from the complex interplay between benign images and text. We propose GatedCLIP, a Vision-Language model that enhances CLIP's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yingying Guo , Ke Zhang , Zirong Zeng

While memes are often humorous, they are frequently used to disseminate hate, causing serious harm to individuals and society. Current approaches to hateful meme detection mainly rely on pre-trained language models. However, less focus has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Weibin Cai , Jiayu Li , Reza Zafarani

Hate speech online targets individuals or groups based on identity attributes and spreads rapidly, posing serious social risks. Memes, which combine images and text, have emerged as a nuanced vehicle for disseminating hate speech, often…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Xing , Qi Chai , Jie Ma , Jing Tao , Pinghui Wang , Shuming Zhang , Xinping Wang , Hao Wang

Hateful memes often require compositional multimodal reasoning: the image and text may appear benign in isolation, yet their interaction conveys harmful intent. Although thinking-based multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Mucahid Kutlu , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Abul Hasnat , Firoj Alam

Online hate remains a significant societal challenge, especially as multimodal content enables subtle, culturally grounded, and implicit forms of harm. Hateful memes embed hostility through text-image interactions and humor, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sahajpreet Singh , Kokil Jaidka , Subhayan Mukerjee

Internet memes are powerful tools for communication, capable of spreading political, psychological, and sociocultural ideas. However, they can be harmful and can be used to disseminate hate toward targeted individuals or groups. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Felix Breiteneder , Mohammad Belal , Muhammad Saad Saeed , Shahed Masoudian , Usman Naseem , Kulshrestha Juhi , Markus Schedl , Shah Nawaz

Internet memes are characterised by the interspersing of text amongst visual elements. State-of-the-art multimodal meme classifiers do not account for the relative positions of these elements across the two modalities, despite the latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Muzhaffar Hazman , Susan McKeever , Josephine Griffith

While significant progress has been made using machine learning algorithms to detect hate speech, important technical challenges still remain to be solved in order to bring their performance closer to human accuracy. We investigate several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Vlad Sandulescu