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In this paper, we propose consensus-based optimization for saddle point problems (CBO-SP), a novel multi-particle metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method capable of provably finding global Nash equilibria. Following the idea of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-05 Hui Huang , Jinniao Qiu , Konstantin Riedl

Efficient stochastic optimization typically integrates an update direction that performs well in the deterministic regime with a mechanism adapting to stochastic perturbations. While Adam uses adaptive moment estimates to promote stability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Minxin Zhang , Yuxuan Liu , Hayden Schaeffer

We study Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) for two-layer neural network training. We compare the performance of CBO against Adam on two test cases and demonstrate how a hybrid approach, combining CBO with Adam, provides faster convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 William De Deyn , Michael Herty , Giovanni Samaey

We introduce a novel algorithm for gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions. The method may be seen as a variant of SGD with momentum equipped with an adaptive learning rate automatically adjusted by an 'energy'…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-24 Hailiang Liu , Xuping Tian

In this paper, we provide a rigorous proof of convergence of the Adaptive Moment Estimate (Adam) algorithm for a wide class of optimization objectives. Despite the popularity and efficiency of the Adam algorithm in training deep neural…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-08 Haochuan Li , Alexander Rakhlin , Ali Jadbabaie

The vast majority of modern deep learning models are trained with momentum-based first-order optimizers. The momentum term governs the optimizer's memory by determining how much each past gradient contributes to the current convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kristi Topollai , Anna Choromanska

This paper studies a class of adaptive gradient based momentum algorithms that update the search directions and learning rates simultaneously using past gradients. This class, which we refer to as the "Adam-type", includes the popular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Xiangyi Chen , Sijia Liu , Ruoyu Sun , Mingyi Hong

Gradient descent based optimization methods are the methods of choice to train deep neural networks in machine learning. Beyond the standard gradient descent method, also suitable modified variants of standard gradient descent involving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-29 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

We calibrate parameters of neural networks that model forces in interaction dynamics with the help of the Consensus-based global optimization method (CBO). We state the general framework of interaction particle systems driven by neural…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-13 Simone Göttlich , Claudia Totzeck

Adaptive gradient methods have shown excellent performances for solving many machine learning problems. Although multiple adaptive gradient methods were recently studied, they mainly focus on either empirical or theoretical aspects and also…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-13 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Heng Huang

Since the 21st century, artificial intelligence has been leading a new round of industrial revolution. Under the training framework, the optimization algorithm aims to stably converge high-dimensional optimization to local and even global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Meng Zhu , Quan Xiao , Weidong Min

In this paper, we propose a predictor-corrector type Consensus Based Optimization (CBO) algorithm on a convex feasible set. Our proposed algorithm generalizes the CBO algorithm in [11] to tackle a constrained optimization problem for the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-14 Hyeong-Ohk Bae , Seung-Yeal Ha , Myeongju Kang , Hyuncheul Lim , Chanho Min , Jane Yoo

The adaptive momentum method (AdaMM), which uses past gradients to update descent directions and learning rates simultaneously, has become one of the most popular first-order optimization methods for solving machine learning problems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Xiangyi Chen , Sijia Liu , Kaidi Xu , Xingguo Li , Xue Lin , Mingyi Hong , David Cox

We investigate the unconstrained global optimization of functions with low effective dimensionality, that are constant along certain (unknown) linear subspaces. Extending the technique of random subspace embeddings in [Wang et al., Bayesian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-24 Coralia Cartis , Adilet Otemissov

Adam-type methods, the extension of adaptive gradient methods, have shown great performance in the training of both supervised and unsupervised machine learning models. In particular, Adam-type optimizers have been widely used empirically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Zehao Dou , Yuanzhi Li

We propose a continuous-time scheme for large-scale optimization that introduces individual, adaptive momentum coefficients regulated by the kinetic energy of each model parameter. This approach automatically adjusts to local landscape…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Aikaterini Karoni , Rajit Rajpal , Benedict Leimkuhler , Gabriel Stoltz

Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) is a cornerstone optimization algorithm in deep learning, widely recognized for its flexibility with adaptive learning rates and efficiency in handling large-scale data. However, despite its practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ruinan Jin , Xiao Li , Yaoliang Yu , Baoxiang Wang

Adaptive optimization methods such as AdaGrad, RMSprop and Adam have been proposed to achieve a rapid training process with an element-wise scaling term on learning rates. Though prevailing, they are observed to generalize poorly compared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-22 Liangchen Luo , Yuanhao Xiong , Yan Liu , Xu Sun

Adam is a popular variant of stochastic gradient descent for finding a local minimizer of a function. In the constant stepsize regime, assuming that the objective function is differentiable and non-convex, we establish the convergence in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-15 Anas Barakat , Pascal Bianchi