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Combinatorial optimization problems like the Traveling Salesman Problem are critical in industry yet NP-hard. Neural Combinatorial Optimization has shown promise, but its reliance on online reinforcement learning (RL) hampers deployment and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Hironori Ohigashi , Shinichiro Hamada

The Traveling Salesman Problem is one of the most intensively studied combinatorial optimization problems due both to its range of real-world applications and its computational complexity. When combined with the Set Covering Problem, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Yuwen Yang , Jayant Rajgopal

Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is NP-hard yet fundamental for a wide range of real-world applications. Classical exact methods face challenges in scaling, and heuristic methods often require domain-specific parameter…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhuoli Yin , Yi Ding , Reem Khir , Hua Cai

The 2-Opt heuristic is one of the simplest algorithms for finding good solutions to the metric Traveling Salesman Problem. It is the key ingredient to the well-known Lin-Kernighan algorithm and often used in practice. So far, only upper and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Stefan Hougardy , Fabian Zaiser , Xianghui Zhong

The paper proposes a quantum algorithm for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) based on the Grover Adaptive Search (GAS), which can be successfully executed on IBM's Qiskit library. Under the GAS framework, there are at least two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Jieao Zhu , Yihuai Gao , Hansen Wang , Tiefu Li , Hao Wu

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem that aims to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting point. This paper explores the application…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Kael Silva Araújo , Francisco Márcio Barboza

We propose UTSP, an unsupervised learning (UL) framework for solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). We train a Graph Neural Network (GNN) using a surrogate loss. The GNN outputs a heat map representing the probability for each edge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Yimeng Min , Yiwei Bai , Carla P. Gomes

Recent advancements in the flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSSP) are primarily based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) due to its ability to generate high-quality, real-time solutions. However, DRL approaches often fail to fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Imanol Echeverria , Maialen Murua , Roberto Santana

This work presents solutions to the Traveling Salesperson Problem with precedence constraints (TSPPC) using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) by adapting recent approaches that work well for regular TSPs. Common to these approaches is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Christian Löwens , Inaam Ashraf , Alexander Gembus , Genesis Cuizon , Jonas K. Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

In this article, we present a novel formulation for the load-dependent traveling salesman problem (LD-TSP), in which travel cost (or energy expended) depends on the vehicle's current load. This problem is relevant for package delivery and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Deepak Prakash Kumar , Saurabh Belgaonkar , Sivakumar Rathinam , Swaroop Darbha , David W. Casbeer

This paper introduces CARSS (Cooperative Attention-guided Reinforcement Subpath Synthesis), a novel approach to address the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) by leveraging cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). CARSS…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Yuchen Shi , Congying Han , Tiande Guo

While there are optimal TSP solvers, as well as recent learning-based approaches, the generalization of the TSP to the Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem is much less studied. Here, we design a neural network solution that treats the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Yoav Kaempfer , Lior Wolf

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a popular NP-hard-combinatorial optimization problem that requires finding the optimal way for a salesman to travel through different cities once and return to the initial city. The existing methods…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Kapil Goswami , Gagan Anekonda Veereshi , Peter Schmelcher , Rick Mukherjee

This paper presents a new method for solving an orienteering problem (OP) by breaking it down into two parts: a knapsack problem (KP) and a traveling salesman problem (TSP). A KP solver is responsible for picking nodes, while a TSP solver…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Wei Liu , Tao Zhang , Rui Wang , Kaiwen Li , Wenhua Li , Kang Yang

This study addresses the Min-Max Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem ($m^3$-TSP), which aims to coordinate tours for multiple salesmen such that the length of the longest tour is minimized. Due to its NP-hard nature, exact solvers become…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Wen Wang , Xiangchen Wu , Liang Wang , Hao Hu , Xianping Tao , Linghao Zhang

Understanding customer movement within retail spaces is essential for optimizing store layouts. Real-world trajectory data can provide highly accurate insights, but collecting it is costly and often infeasible for many retailers. Heuristics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ken Ming Lee , Paul Barde , Maxime C. Cohen , Derek Nowrouzezahrai

Coordinated truck-and-drone routing integrates the high capacity and range of ground vehicles with the flexible routing and speed of drones, enabling simultaneous service. Increasingly applied in last-mile delivery, this synchronization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Ke Xu , John Gunnar Carlsson

The recently presented idea to learn heuristics for combinatorial optimization problems is promising as it can save costly development. However, to push this idea towards practical implementation, we need better models and better ways of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-08 Wouter Kool , Herke van Hoof , Max Welling

Recent systems applying Machine Learning (ML) to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) exhibit issues when they try to scale up to real case scenarios with several hundred vertices. The use of Candidate Lists (CLs) has been brought up…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Umberto Junior Mele , Luca Maria Gambardella , Roberto Montemanni

This work presents a tensor-network formulation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and several of its variants. The approach represents candidate tours with tensor-network layers, weights them by Boltzmann factors, and enforces…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Alejandro Mata Ali , Iñigo Perez Delgado , Aitor Moreno Fdez. de Leceta