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In ordinary Dimensionality Reduction (DR), each data instance in a high dimensional space (original space), or on a distance matrix denoting original space distances, is mapped to (projected onto) one point in a low dimensional space…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Farshad Barahimi

t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a well-established visualization method for complex high-dimensional data. However, the original t-SNE method is nonparametric, stochastic, and often cannot well prevserve the global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Zixia Zhou , Yuanyuan Wang , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Qian Tao

Dimensionality reduction (DR) on the manifold includes effective methods which project the data from an implicit relational space onto a vectorial space. Regardless of the achievements in this area, these algorithms suffer from the lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Babak Hosseini , Barbara Hammer

We extend a well-known dimension reduction method, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), from non-parametric to parametric by training neural networks. The main advantage of a parametric technique is the generalization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Chien-Hsun Lai , Yu-Shuen Wang

Dimension reduction (DR) is commonly utilized to capture the intrinsic structure and transform high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space while retaining meaningful properties of the original data. It is used in various applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Zelin Zang , Shenghui Cheng , Linyan Lu , Hanchen Xia , Liangyu Li , Yaoting Sun , Yongjie Xu , Lei Shang , Baigui Sun , Stan Z. Li

Visual analytics now plays a central role in decision-making across diverse disciplines, but it can be unreliable: the knowledge or insights derived from the analysis may not accurately reflect the underlying data. In this dissertation, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Hyeon Jeon

ParaDime is a framework for parametric dimensionality reduction (DR). In parametric DR, neural networks are trained to embed high-dimensional data items in a low-dimensional space while minimizing an objective function. ParaDime builds on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Andreas Hinterreiter , Christina Humer , Bernhard Kainz , Marc Streit

t-SNE has gained popularity as a dimension reduction technique, especially for visualizing data. It is well-known that all dimension reduction techniques may lose important features of the data. We provide a mathematical framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Rupert Li , Elchanan Mossel

Selecting the appropriate dimensionality reduction (DR) technique and determining its optimal hyperparameter settings that maximize the accuracy of the output projections typically involves extensive trial and error, often resulting in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hyeon Jeon , Jeongin Park , Soohyun Lee , Dae Hyun Kim , Sungbok Shin , Jinwook Seo

Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) is one of the state-of-the-art methods for dimensionality reduction and data visualization. This is a tutorial and survey paper on UMAP and its variants. We start with UMAP algorithm…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Dimensionality reduction techniques play important roles in the analysis of big data. Traditional dimensionality reduction approaches, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), have been studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Haozhe Xie , Jie Li , Hanqing Xue

Dimensionality reduction methods are unsupervised approaches which learn low-dimensional spaces where some properties of the initial space, typically the notion of "neighborhood", are preserved. Such methods usually require propagation on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Yannis Kalantidis , Carlos Lassance , Jon Almazan , Diane Larlus

Searching for the $k$-nearest neighbors (KNN) in multimodal data retrieval is computationally expensive, particularly due to the inherent difficulty in comparing similarity measures across different modalities. Recent advances in multimodal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Chengyu Gong , Gefei Shen , Luanzheng Guo , Nathan Tallent , Dongfang Zhao

Dimensionality reduction methods, also known as projections, are frequently used for exploring multidimensional data in machine learning, data science, and information visualization. Among these, t-SNE and its variants have become very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Mateus Espadoto , Nina S. T. Hirata , Alexandru C. Telea

Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques map high-dimensional data into lower-dimensional spaces. Yet, current DR techniques are not designed to explore semantic structure that is not directly available in the form of variables or class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Artur André Oliveira , Mateus Espadoto , Roberto Hirata , Roberto M. Cesar , Alex C. Telea

Dimensional reduction~(DR) maps high-dimensional data into a lower dimensions latent space with minimized defined optimization objectives. The DR method usually falls into feature selection~(FS) and feature projection~(FP). FS focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Zelin Zang , Yongjie Xu , Linyan Lu , Yulan Geng , Senqiao Yang , Stan Z. Li

Dimension reduction (DR) methods provide systematic approaches for analyzing high-dimensional data. A key requirement for DR is to incorporate global dependencies among original and embedded samples while preserving clusters in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-10 Antoine Collas , Titouan Vayer , Rémi Flamary , Arnaud Breloy

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) methods are widely used to visualize high-dimensional data. One key task in DR-based analysis is discovering neighborhoods, which relies on analyzing the fine-grained local structure of a projection. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Diede P. M. van der Hoorn , Alessio Arleo , Fernando V. Paulovich

While high-dimensional embedding vectors are being increasingly employed in various tasks like Retrieval-Augmented Generation and Recommendation Systems, popular dimensionality reduction (DR) methods such as PCA and UMAP have rarely been…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Han Zhang , Dongfang Zhao

Dimensionality reduction (DR) plays a vital role in the visual analysis of high-dimensional data. One main aim of DR is to reveal hidden patterns that lie on intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds. However, DR often overlooks important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Takanori Fujiwara , Yun-Hsin Kuo , Anders Ynnerman , Kwan-Liu Ma