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While crowdsourcing has emerged as a practical solution for labeling large datasets, it presents a significant challenge in learning accurate models due to noisy labels from annotators with varying levels of expertise. Existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Hui Guo , Grace Y. Yi , Boyu Wang

Legal texts often contain computational legal clauses--provisions whose understanding requires complex logic. While frontier Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) can describe such clauses, building production-ready systems is limited by reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Stanisław Sójka , Witold Kowalczyk

Data annotation is essential for supervised learning, yet producing accurate, unbiased, and scalable labels remains challenging as datasets grow in size and modality. Traditional human-centric pipelines are costly, slow, and prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Subhodeep Ghosh , Bayan Divaaniaazar , Md Ishat-E-Rabban , Spencer Clarke , Senjuti Basu Roy

Collecting annotations from human raters often results in a trade-off between the quantity of labels one wishes to gather and the quality of these labels. As such, it is often only possible to gather a small amount of high-quality labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Neel Nanda , Jonathan Uesato , Sven Gowal

Self-supervised learning systems have gained significant attention in recent years by leveraging clustering-based pseudo-labels to provide supervision without the need for human annotations. However, the noise in these pseudo-labels caused…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zia-ur-Rehman , Arif Mahmood , Wenxiong Kang

Falsely annotated samples, also known as noisy labels, can significantly harm the performance of deep learning models. Two main approaches for learning with noisy labels are global noise estimation and data filtering. Global noise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yuval Grinberg , Nimrod Harel , Jacob Goldberger , Ofir Lindenbaum

Image-based diagnostic decision support systems (DDSS) utilizing deep learning have the potential to optimize clinical workflows. However, developing DDSS requires extensive datasets with expert annotations and is therefore costly.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Helen Schneider , Sebastian Nowak , Aditya Parikh , Yannik C. Layer , Maike Theis , Wolfgang Block , Alois M. Sprinkart , Ulrike Attenberger , Rafet Sifa

Active learning algorithms automatically identify the most informative samples from large amounts of unlabeled data and tremendously reduce human annotation effort in inducing a machine learning model. In a conventional active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Varun Totakura , Ankita Singh , Yushun Dong , Shayok Chakraborty

Recently, there has been a burst in the number of research projects on human computation via crowdsourcing. Multiple choice (or labeling) questions could be referred to as a common type of problem which is solved by this approach. As an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-09-04 Jafar Muhammadi , Hamid Reza Rabiee , Abbas Hosseini

Supervised machine learning assumes that labeled data provide accurate measurements of the concepts models are meant to learn. Yet in practice, human labeling introduces systematic variation arising from ambiguous items, divergent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Robert Chew , Stephanie Eckman , Christoph Kern , Frauke Kreuter

Data cleansing is a well studied strategy for cleaning erroneous labels in datasets, which has not yet been widely adopted in Music Information Retrieval. Previously proposed data cleansing models do not consider structured (e.g. time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Gabriel Meseguer-Brocal , Rachel Bittner , Simon Durand , Brian Brost

Imperfections in data annotation, known as label noise, are detrimental to the training of machine learning models and have an often-overlooked confounding effect on the assessment of model performance. Nevertheless, employing experts to…

Multi-agent collaboration has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet it suffers from interaction-level ambiguity that blurs generation, critique, and revision, making credit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhongyi Li , Wan Tian , Jingyu Chen , Kangyao Huang , Huiming Zhang , Hui Yang , Tao Ren , Jinyang Jiang , Yijie Peng , Yikun Ban , Fuzhen Zhuang

As the size of the datasets getting larger, accurately annotating such datasets is becoming more impractical due to the expensiveness on both time and economy. Therefore, crowd-sourcing has been widely adopted to alleviate the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Hansong Zhang , Shikun Li , Dan Zeng , Chenggang Yan , Shiming Ge

Creating datasets manually by human annotators is a laborious task that can lead to biased and inhomogeneous labels. We propose a flexible, semi-automatic framework for labeling data for relation extraction. Furthermore, we provide a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Jeremias Bohn , Jannik Fischbach , Martin Schmitt , Hinrich Schütze , Andreas Vogelsang

Recent studies indicate that deep neural networks degrade in generalization performance under noisy supervision. Existing methods focus on isolating clean subsets or correcting noisy labels, facing limitations such as high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Kuan Zhang , Chengliang Chai , Jingzhe Xu , Chi Zhang , Han Han , Ye Yuan , Guoren Wang , Lei Cao

Microtask crowdsourcing has enabled dataset advances in social science and machine learning, but existing crowdsourcing schemes are too expensive to scale up with the expanding volume of data. To scale and widen the applicability of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Ranjay Krishna , Kenji Hata , Stephanie Chen , Joshua Kravitz , David A. Shamma , Li Fei-Fei , Michael S. Bernstein

To collect large scale annotated data, it is inevitable to introduce label noise, i.e., incorrect class labels. To be robust against label noise, many successful methods rely on the noisy classifiers (i.e., models trained on the noisy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Songzhu Zheng , Pengxiang Wu , Aman Goswami , Mayank Goswami , Dimitris Metaxas , Chao Chen

Semantic noise in image classification datasets, where visually similar categories are frequently mislabeled, poses a significant challenge to conventional supervised learning approaches. In this paper, we explore the potential of using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yingxuan Li , Jiafeng Mao , Yusuke Matsui

Data collection from manual labeling provides domain-specific and task-aligned supervision for data-driven approaches, and a critical mass of well-annotated resources is required to achieve reasonable performance in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhengyuan Liu , Hai Leong Chieu , Nancy F. Chen