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The quest for energy-efficient, scalable neuromorphic computing has elevated compute-in-memory (CIM) architectures to the forefront of hardware innovation. While memristive memories have been extensively explored for synaptic implementation…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-08-20 Kapil Bhardwaj , Ella Paasio , Sayani Majumdar

One of the most exciting applications of Spin Torque Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (ST-MRAM) is the in-memory implementation of deep neural networks, which could allow improving the energy efficiency of Artificial Intelligence by…

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as LLaMA and DeepSeek, are built on transformer architectures, which have become a standard model for achieving state-of-the-art performance in natural language processing tasks. Recently, there has been…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bas Ahn , Xingjian Tao , Manil Dev Gomony , Marc Geilen , Henk Corporaal

Deployment of modern TinyML tasks on small battery-constrained IoT devices requires high computational energy efficiency. Analog In-Memory Computing (IMC) using non-volatile memory (NVM) promises major efficiency improvements in deep neural…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Angelo Garofalo , Gianmarco Ottavi , Francesco Conti , Geethan Karunaratne , Irem Boybat , Luca Benini , Davide Rossi

The inherent dynamics of the neuron membrane potential in Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) allows processing of sequential learning tasks, avoiding the complexity of recurrent neural networks. The highly-sparse spike-based computations in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Amogh Agrawal , Mustafa Ali , Minsuk Koo , Nitin Rathi , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Kaushik Roy

Computation on a large volume of data at high speed and low power requires energy-efficient computing architectures. Spiking neural network (SNN) with bio-inspired spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning (STDP) is a promising solution…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-12 Sahibia Kaur Vohra , Sherin A Thomas , Mahendra Sakare , Devarshi Mrinal Das

Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures have demonstrated great potential in accelerating numerous deep learning tasks. Particularly, resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices provide a promising hardware substrate to build PIM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Weidong Cao , Yilong Zhao , Adith Boloor , Yinhe Han , Xuan Zhang , Li Jiang

With the advent of high-speed, high-precision, and low-power mixed-signal systems, there is an ever-growing demand for accurate, fast, and energy-efficient analog-to-digital (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Unfortunately,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-05 Loai Danial , Kanishka Sharma , Shahar Kvatinsky

Due to the limitations of realizing artificial neural networks on prevalent von Neumann architectures, recent studies have presented neuromorphic systems based on spiking neural networks (SNNs) to reduce power and computational cost.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Joonghyun Song , Jiwon Shin , Hanseok Kim , Woo-Seok Choi

Spiking neural networks (SNN) provide a new computational paradigm capable of highly parallelized, real-time processing. Photonic devices are ideal for the design of high-bandwidth, parallel architectures matching the SNN computational…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Luis El Srouji , Yun-Jhu Lee , Mehmet Berkay On , Li Zhang , S. J. Ben Yoo

This paper presents the concepts behind the BrainScales (BSS) accelerated analog neuromorphic computing architecture. It describes the second-generation BrainScales-2 (BSS-2) version and its most recent in-silico realization, the HICANN-X…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-27 Johannes Schemmel , Sebastian Billaudelle , Phillip Dauer , Johannes Weis

This work explores the cross-node scaling potential of SOT-MRAM for last-level caches (LLCs) under heterogeneous system scaling paradigm. We perform extensive Design-Technology Co-Optimization (DTCO) exercises to evaluate the bitcell…

The adoption of intelligent systems with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) embedded in hardware for real-time applications currently faces a growing demand in fields like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M). However,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-01 Caio J. B. V. Guimarães , Marcelo A. C. Fernandes

LSTMs and GRUs are the most common recurrent neural network architectures used to solve temporal sequence problems. The two architectures have differing data flows dealing with a common component called the cell state (also referred to as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Abduallah A. Mohamed , Christian Claudel

With the increased attention to memristive-based in-memory analog computing (IMAC) architectures as an alternative for energy-hungry computer systems for machine learning applications, a tool that enables exploring their device- and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Md Hasibul Amin , Mohammed E. Elbtity , Ramtin Zand

We report the performance characteristics of a notional Convolutional Neural Network based on the previously-proposed Multiply-Accumulate-Activate-Pool set, an MTJ-based spintronic circuit made to compute multiple neural functionalities in…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Andrew W. Stephan , Steven J. Koester

Computational intensity and sequential nature of estimation techniques for Bayesian methods in statistics and machine learning, combined with their increasing applications for big data analytics, necessitate both the identification of…

Computation · Statistics 2015-03-02 Alireza S. Mahani , Mansour T. A. Sharabiani

Analog in-memory computing is an emerging paradigm designed to efficiently accelerate deep neural network workloads. Recent advancements have focused on either inference or training acceleration. However, a unified analog in-memory…

Operations typically used in machine learning al-gorithms (e.g. adds and soft max) can be implemented bycompact analog circuits. Analog Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) designs that implement these algorithms using techniques…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Shih-Chii Liu , John Paul Strachan , Arindam Basu

The authors proposed and computationally analyzed nonvolatile static random access memory (NV-SRAM) architecture using metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) type of spin-transistors referred to as pseudo-spin-MOSFET…

Materials Science · Physics 2009-01-21 Yusuke Shuto , Shuu'ichirou Yamamoto , Satoshi Sugahara