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Neural networks are one of the most popularly used methods in machine learning and artificial intelligence nowadays. Due to the universal approximation theorem (Hornik et al. (1989)), a neural network with one hidden layer can approximate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-18 Xiaoxi Shen , Chang Jiang , Lyudmila Sakhanenko , Qing Lu

Neural Ordinary Differential Equations model dynamical systems with ODEs learned by neural networks. However, ODEs are fundamentally inadequate to model systems with long-range dependencies or discontinuities, which are common in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Samuel Holt , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Neural Stochastic Differential Equations (NSDEs) model the drift and diffusion functions of a stochastic process as neural networks. While NSDEs are known to make accurate predictions, their uncertainty quantification properties have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Andreas Look , Melih Kandemir , Barbara Rakitsch , Jan Peters

The advancement of human healthspan and bioengineering relies heavily on predicting the behavior of complex biological systems. While high-throughput multiomics data is becoming increasingly abundant, converting this data into actionable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Udesh Habaraduwa , Andrei Lixandru

We introduce a technique that enables Neural-ODEs to approximate arbitrary velocity fields with a priori planted fixed-points. Specifically, a recipe is given to explicitly accommodate for a finite collection of points in the reference…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-12 Feliciano Giuseppe Pacifico , Duccio Fanelli , Lorenzo Buffoni , Lorenzo Chicchi , Diego Febbe , Raffaele Marino

We derive an intuitive and novel method to represent nodes in a graph with special unitary operators, or quantum operators, which does not require parameter training and is competitive with classical methods on scoring similarity between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Andrew Vlasic , Salvador Aguinaga

In recent years there has been a considerable amount of research on local post hoc explanations for neural networks. However, work on building interpretable neural architectures has been relatively sparse. In this paper, we present a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Isha Puri , Amit Dhurandhar , Tejaswini Pedapati , Kartikeyan Shanmugam , Dennis Wei , Kush R. Varshney

We propose a testable universality hypothesis, asserting that seemingly disparate neural network solutions observed in the simple task of modular addition are unified under a common abstract algorithm. While prior work interpreted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Gavin McCracken , Gabriela Moisescu-Pareja , Vincent Letourneau , Doina Precup , Jonathan Love

We prove a universal approximation property (UAP) for a class of ODENet and a class of ResNet, which are simplified mathematical models for deep learning systems with skip connections. The UAP can be stated as follows. Let $n$ and $m$ be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Yuto Aizawa , Masato Kimura , Kazunori Matsui

As a method of universal approximation deep neural networks (DNNs) are capable of finding approximate solutions to problems posed with little more constraints than a suitably-posed mathematical system and an objective function.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-03-02 D. W. Crews

Graphs are ubiquitous due to their flexibility in representing social and technological systems as networks of interacting elements. Graph representation learning methods, such as node embeddings, are powerful approaches to map nodes into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Simone Piaggesi , Megha Khosla , André Panisson , Avishek Anand

A neural network computes a function. A central property of neural networks is that they are "universal approximators:" for a given continuous function, there exists a neural network that can approximate it arbitrarily well, given enough…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Arthur Choi , Ruocheng Wang , Adnan Darwiche

Verification of Neural Networks (NNs) that approximate the solution of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) is a major milestone towards enhancing their trustworthiness and accelerating their deployment, especially for safety-critical…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-13 Petros Ellinas , Rahul Nellikath , Ignasi Ventura , Jochen Stiasny , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Since the advent of the ``Neural Ordinary Differential Equation (Neural ODE)'' paper, learning ODEs with deep learning has been applied to system identification, time-series forecasting, and related areas. Exploiting the diffeomorphic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-27 Yuji Okamoto , Tomoya Takeuchi , Yusuke Sakemi

Differential equations are frequently used in engineering domains, such as modeling and control of industrial systems, where safety and performance guarantees are of paramount importance. Traditional physics-based modeling approaches…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-30 Aaron Tuor , Jan Drgona , Draguna Vrabie

We explore in detail a method to solve ordinary differential equations using feedforward neural networks. We prove a specific loss function, which does not require knowledge of the exact solution, to be a suitable standard metric to…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-06-02 Liam L. H. Lau , Denis Werth

Continuous-time neural processes are performant sequential decision-makers that are built by differential equations (DE). However, their expressive power when they are deployed on computers is bottlenecked by numerical DE solvers. This…

It is well known that exact notions of model abstraction and reduction for dynamical systems may not be robust enough in practice because they are highly sensitive to the specific choice of parameters. In this paper we consider this problem…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-07-19 Luca Cardelli , Mirco Tribastone , Max Tschaikowski , Andrea Vandin

We define a neural network in infinite dimensional spaces for which we can show the universal approximation property. Indeed, we derive approximation results for continuous functions from a Fr\'echet space $\X$ into a Banach space $\Y$. The…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-18 Fred Espen Benth , Nils Detering , Luca Galimberti

Universal Approximation Theorems establish the density of various classes of neural network function approximators in $C(K, \mathbb{R}^m)$, where $K \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ is compact. In this paper, we aim to extend these guarantees by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-16 Naveen Durvasula