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This paper proposes corrected forecast combinations when the original combined forecast errors are serially dependent. Motivated by the classic Bates and Granger (1969) example, we show that combined forecast errors can be strongly…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-16 Chu-An Liu , Andrey L. Vasnev

In this paper, we investigate meta-learning for combining forecasts generated by models of different types. While typical approaches for combining forecasts involve simple averaging, machine learning techniques enable more sophisticated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Grzegorz Dudek

Time-series forecasting plays a critical role in many real-world applications. Although increasingly powerful models have been developed and achieved superior results on benchmark datasets, through a fine-grained sample-level inspection, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhining Liu , Ze Yang , Xiao Lin , Ruizhong Qiu , Tianxin Wei , Yada Zhu , Hendrik Hamann , Jingrui He , Hanghang Tong

This paper presents a time series forecasting framework which combines standard forecasting methods and a machine learning model. The inputs to the machine learning model are not lagged values or regular time series features, but instead…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-15 Shi Zhao , Ying Feng

Forecasters often use common information and hence make common mistakes. We propose a new approach, Factor Graphical Model (FGM), to forecast combinations that separates idiosyncratic forecast errors from the common errors. FGM exploits the…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-05-19 Tae-Hwy Lee , Ekaterina Seregina

Hierarchical forecasting methods have been widely used to support aligned decision-making by providing coherent forecasts at different aggregation levels. Traditional hierarchical forecasting approaches, such as the bottom-up and top-down…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Evangelos Spiliotis , Mahdi Abolghasemi , Rob J Hyndman , Fotios Petropoulos , Vassilios Assimakopoulos

Some time series can be hierarchically organized into levels based on certain characteristics, such as geography or other attributes of interest. These series are referred to as hierarchical time series. Typically, forecasts are generated…

Real-world time series often exhibit complex interdependencies that cannot be captured in isolation. Global models that model past data from multiple related time series globally while producing series-specific forecasts locally are now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Abishek Sriramulu , Christoph Bergmeir , Slawek Smyl

We discuss model and forecast combination in time series forecasting. A foundational Bayesian perspective based on agent opinion analysis theory defines a new framework for density forecast combination, and encompasses several existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-07 Kenichiro McAlinn , Mike West

Model averaging combines forecasts obtained from a range of models, and it often produces more accurate forecasts than a forecast from a single model. The crucial part of forecast accuracy improvement in using the model averaging lies in…

Applications · Statistics 2018-10-01 Han Lin Shang , Steven Haberman

Multivariate time series forecasting involves predicting future values based on historical observations. However, existing approaches primarily rely on predefined single-scale patches or lack effective mechanisms for multi-scale feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Huanyao Zhang , Jiaye Lin , Wentao Zhang , Haitao Yuan , Guoliang Li

We examine the problem of making reconciled forecasts of large collections of related time series through a behavioural/Bayesian lens. Our approach explicitly acknowledges and exploits the 'connectedness' of the series in terms of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-03 Ross Hollyman , Fotios Petropoulos , Michael E. Tipping

The weighted average is by far the most popular approach to combining multiple forecasts of some future outcome. This paper shows that both for probability or real-valued forecasts, a non-trivial weighted average of different forecasts is…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-28 Ville Satopää , Lyle Ungar

This paper studies the application of ensembles composed of multi-output models for multi-step ahead forecasting problems. Dynamic ensembles have been commonly used for forecasting. However, these are typically designed for one-step-ahead…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-27 Vitor Cerqueira , Luis Torgo

Hierarchical time series are common in several applied fields. The forecasts for these time series are required to be coherent, that is, to satisfy the constraints given by the hierarchy. The most popular technique to enforce coherence is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-13 Lorenzo Zambon , Dario Azzimonti , Giorgio Corani

Using a time series model to mimic an observed time series has a long history. However, with regard to this objective, conventional estimation methods for discrete-time dynamical models are frequently found to be wanting. In fact, they are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-19 Yingcun Xia , Howell Tong

Combining forecasts from multiple numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have shown substantial benefit over the use of individual forecast products. Although combination, in a broad sense, is widely used in meteorological forecasting,…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-26 Céline Cunen , Thea Roksvåg , Claudio Heinrich-Mertsching , Alex Lenkoski

We introduce a dynamic approach to probabilistic forecast reconciliation at scale. Our model differs from the existing literature in this area in several important ways. Firstly we explicitly allow the weights allocated to the base…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-20 Ross Hollyman , Fotios Petropoulos , Michael E. Tipping

Time series forecasting has traditionally focused on univariate and multivariate numerical data, often overlooking the benefits of incorporating multimodal information, particularly textual data. In this paper, we propose a novel framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Xin Zhou , Weiqing Wang , Shilin Qu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Christoph Bergmeir

Forecast reconciliation has attracted significant research interest in recent years, with most studies taking the hierarchy of time series as given. We extend existing work that uses time series clustering to construct hierarchies, with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-10 Bohan Zhang , Anastasios Panagiotelis , Han Li