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Off-chain transaction channels represent one of the leading techniques to scale the transaction throughput in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. They allow multiple agents to route payments through one another. So far, the topology and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yotam Sali , Aviv Zohar

Micropayment channels are the most prominent solution to the limitation on transaction throughput in current blockchain systems. However, in practice channels are risky because participants have to be online constantly to avoid fraud, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Georgia Avarikioti , Felix Laufenberg , Jakub Sliwinski , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum have made payment transactions possible without a trusted third party, but they have a scalability issue due to their consensus mechanisms. Payment networks have emerged to overcome this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Junmo Lee , Seongjun Kim , Sanghyeon Park , Soo-Mook Moon

Blockchain technology has revolutionized the way transactions are executed, but scalability remains a major challenge. Payment Channel Network (PCN), as a Layer-2 scaling solution, has been proposed to address this issue. However, skewed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Minghui Xu , Wenxuan Yu , Guangyong Shang , Guangpeng Qi , Dongliang Duan , Shan Wang , Kun Li , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Payment networks, also known as channels, are a most promising solution to the throughput problem of cryptocurrencies. In this paper we study the design of capital-efficient payment networks, offline as well as online variants. We want to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Georgia Avarikioti , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Payment channel networks (PCNs) such as the Lightning Network offer an appealing solution to the scalability problem faced by many cryptocurrencies operating on a blockchain such as Bitcoin. However, PCNs also inherit the stringent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Philipp Zabka , Klaus-Tycho Foerster , Stefan Schmid , Christian Decker

Public blockchains inherently offer low throughput and high latency, motivating off-chain scalability solutions such as Payment Channel Networks (PCNs). However, existing PCNs suffer from liquidity fragmentation-funds locked in one channel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Ayush Nainwal , Atharva Kamble , Nitin Awathare

The Bitcoin Lightning Network (LN) is designed to improve the scalability of blockchain systems by using off-chain payment paths to settle transactions in a faster, cheaper, and more private manner. This work aims to empirically study LN's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Andrea Carotti , Cosimo Sguanci , Anastasios Sidiropoulos

Cryptocurrency networks such as Bitcoin have emerged as a distributed alternative to traditional centralized financial transaction networks. However, there are major challenges in scaling up the throughput of such networks. Lightning…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sushil Mahavir Varma , Siva Theja Maguluri

Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies received a lot of attention recently for their applications in many domains. IoT domain is one of such applications, which can utilize cryptocur-rencies for micro payments without compromising their payment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Suat Mercan , Enes Erdin , Kemal Akkaya

A payment channel network is a blockchain-based overlay mechanism that allows parties to transact more efficiently than directly using the blockchain. These networks are composed of payment channels that carry transactions between pairs of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Suryanarayana Sankagiri , Bruce Hajek

Payment protocols developed to realize off-chain transactions in Payment channel network (PCN) assumes the underlying routing algorithm transfers the payment via a single path. However, a path may not have sufficient capacity to route a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Subhra Mazumdar , Sushmita Ruj

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are one of the most prominent solutions to the limited transaction throughput of blockchains. Nevertheless, PCNs suffer themselves from a throughput limitation due to the capital constraints of their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Samarth Tiwari , Michelle Yeo , Zeta Avarikioti , Iosif Salem , Krzysztof Pietrzak , Stefan Schmid

Payment networks were introduced to address the limitation on the transaction throughput of popular blockchains. To open a payment channel one has to publish a transaction on-chain and pay the appropriate transaction fee. A transaction can…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Georgia Avarikioti , Rolf Scheuner , Roger Wattenhofer

Off-chain protocols (channels) are a promising solution to the scalability and privacy challenges of blockchain payments. Current proposals, however, require synchrony assumptions to preserve the safety of a channel, leaking to an adversary…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Georgia Avarikioti , Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias , Roger Wattenhofer , Dionysis Zindros

Bitcoin, Ethereum and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, as deployed today, cannot scale for wide-spread use. A leading approach for cryptocurrency scaling is a smart contract mechanism called a payment channel which enables two…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Andrew Miller , Iddo Bentov , Ranjit Kumaresan , Christopher Cordi , Patrick McCorry

Payment channel networks, such as Bitcoin's Lightning Network, promise to improve the scalability of blockchain systems by processing the majority of transactions off-chain. Due to the design, the positioning of nodes in the network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Kimberly Lange , Elias Rohrer , Florian Tschorsch

Payment channel networks are a promising approach to improve the scalability of cryptocurrencies: they allow to perform transactions in a peer-to-peer fashion, along multi-hop routes in the network, without requiring consensus on the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Krzysztof Pietrzak , Iosif Salem , Stefan Schmid , Michelle Yeo

The Lightning Network is the most widely used payment channel network (PCN) to date, making it an attractive attack surface for adversaries. In this paper, we analyze the Lightning Network's PCN topology and investigate its resilience…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Elias Rohrer , Julian Malliaris , Florian Tschorsch

Blockchain protocols are inherently limited in transaction throughput and latency. Recent efforts to address performance and scale blockchains have focused on off-chain payment channels. While such channels can achieve low latency and high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Joshua Lind , Ittay Eyal , Peter Pietzuch , Emin Gün Sirer