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Numerical computation of the Karhunen--Lo\`eve expansion is computationally challenging in terms of both memory requirements and computing time. We compare two state-of-the-art methods that claim to efficiently solve for the K--L expansion:…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Michal Lukasz Mika , René Rinke Hiemstra , Thomas Joseph Robert Hughes , Dominik Schillinger

This report examines numerical aspects of constructing Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve expansions (KLEs) for second-order stochastic processes. The KLE relies on the spectral decomposition of the covariance operator via the Fredholm integral equation of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Cosmin Safta , Habib N. Najm

This paper marks the debut of a Galerkin isogeometric method for solving a Fredholm integral eigenvalue problem, enabling random field discretization by means of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The method involves a Galerkin projection onto a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-07-04 Sharif Rahman

The Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve (KL) expansion is a popular method for approximating random fields by transforming an infinite-dimensional stochastic domain into a finite-dimensional parameter space. Its numerical approximation is of central…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-08-02 Michael Griebel , Guanglian Li

This study presents novel strategies for improving the node-level performance of matrix-free evaluation of continuous and discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretizations on unstructured tetrahedral grids. In our approach the underlying…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-15 Dominik Still , Niklas Fehn , Wolfgang A. Wall , Martin Kronbichler

Karhunen-Loeve expansions (KLE) of stochastic processes are important tools in mathematics, the sciences, economics, and engineering. However, the KLE is primarily useful for those processes for which we can identify the necessary…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-03-03 Daniel Hackmann

This article provides a primer on the spectral representation of random fields via the Karhunen-Lo\`eve Expansion (KLE). The goal is to bridge the gap between the theoretical foundations of the KLE and its application in computational…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Alen Alexanderian

This paper presents a novel method for solving partial differential equations on three-dimensional CAD geometries by means of immersed isogeometric discretizations that do not require quadrature schemes. It relies on a new developed…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-07-20 Pablo Antolin , Thibaut Hirschler

The Karhunen-Lo\`eve Expansion (KLE) of a stochastic process is a well understood eigenfunction expansion used widely in time series analysis, stochastic PDEs, and signal processing. Karhunen-Lo\`eve expansions have also been proven to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-15 Trajan Murphy

This paper makes two main contributions. First, we present a pedagogical review of the derivation of the three-term recurrence relation for Legendre polynomials, without relying on the classical Legendre differential equation, Rodrigues'…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Michal Béreš

In this paper we establish a best approximation property of fully discrete Galerkin finite element solutions of second order parabolic problems on convex polygonal and polyhedral domains in the $L^\infty$ norm. The discretization method…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-08-20 Dmitriy Leykekhman , Boris Vexler

Gaussian random field is a ubiquitous model for spatial phenomena in diverse scientific disciplines. Its approximation is often crucial for computational feasibility in simulation, inference, and uncertainty quantification. The…

Computation · Statistics 2026-01-23 Joaquin Cavieres , Sebastian Krumscheid

We compare three random field discretization strategies for probabilistic identification of spatially varying material parameters in high-resolution finite element models. These strategies are (i) the Karhunen-Lo\`eve expansion, (ii) a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Pieter Vanmechelen , Geert Lombaert , Giovanni Samaey

We consider linearizations of stochastic differential equations with additive noise using the Karhunen-Lo\`eve expansion. We obtain our linearizations by truncating the expansion and writing the solution as a series of matrix-vector…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-04-14 Antti Koskela , Samuel D. Relton

Stochastic Galerkin methods for non-affine coefficient representations are known to cause major difficulties from theoretical and numerical points of view. In this work, an adaptive Galerkin FE method for linear parametric PDEs with…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-11-02 Martin Eigel , Manuel Marschall , Max Pfeffer , Reinhold Schneider

We consider the linear time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation with a time-dependent smooth potential on an unbounded domain. A Galerkin spectral method with a tensor-product Hermite basis is used as a discretization in space. Discretizing…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-05-14 Bernd Brumm

In this paper, we present a meshless method belonging to the family of element-free Galerkin (EFG) methods. The distinguishing feature of the presented meshless method is that it allows accurate enforcement of essential boundary conditions.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2020-05-20 George Bourantas , Benjamin F. Zwick , Grand Joldes , Adam Wittek , Karol Miller

This paper is dedicated to enhancing the computational efficiency of traditional parallel-in-time methods for solving stochastic initial-value problems. The standard parareal algorithm often suffers from slow convergence when applied to…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-31 Dou Dai , Qiuqi Li , Huailing Song

We introduce a meshless method for solving both continuous and discrete variational formulations of a volume constrained, nonlocal diffusion problem. We use the discrete solution to approximate the continuous solution. Our method is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-01-13 Richard B. Lehoucq , Francis J. Narcowich , Stephen T. Rowe , Joseph D. Ward

The $k$-method is the isogeometric method based on splines (or NURBS, etc.) with maximum regularity. When implemented following the paradigms of classical finite element methods, the computational resources required by the $k-$method are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-05-23 Giancarlo Sangalli , Mattia Tani
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