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Neural networks achieve strong empirical performance, but robustness concerns still hinder deployment in safety-critical applications. Formal verification provides robustness guarantees, but current methods face a scalability-completeness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Wenting Li , Saif R. Kazi , Russell Bent , Duo Zhou , Huan Zhang

State-of-the-art neural network verifiers are fundamentally based on one of two paradigms: either encoding the whole verification problem via tight multi-neuron convex relaxations or applying a Branch-and-Bound (BaB) procedure leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Claudio Ferrari , Mark Niklas Muller , Nikola Jovanovic , Martin Vechev

The success of Deep Learning and its potential use in many safety-critical applications has motivated research on formal verification of Neural Network (NN) models. In this context, verification involves proving or disproving that an NN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Rudy Bunel , Jingyue Lu , Ilker Turkaslan , Philip H. S. Torr , Pushmeet Kohli , M. Pawan Kumar

We improve the scalability of Branch and Bound (BaB) algorithms for formally proving input-output properties of neural networks. First, we propose novel bounding algorithms based on Lagrangian Decomposition. Previous works have used…

Branch-and-bound (BaB) is among the most effective techniques for neural network (NN) verification. However, existing works on BaB for NN verification have mostly focused on NNs with piecewise linear activations, especially ReLU networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhouxing Shi , Qirui Jin , Zico Kolter , Suman Jana , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Huan Zhang

Many available formal verification methods have been shown to be instances of a unified Branch-and-Bound (BaB) formulation. We propose a novel machine learning framework that can be used for designing an effective branching strategy as well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Florian Jaeckle , Jingyue Lu , M. Pawan Kumar

State-of-the-art neural network (NN) verifiers demonstrate that applying the branch-and-bound (BaB) procedure with fast bounding techniques plays a key role in tackling many challenging verification properties. In this work, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Duo Zhou , Jorge Chavez , Hesun Chen , Grani A. Hanasusanto , Huan Zhang

We present $\textbf{P}$robabilistically $\textbf{T}$ightened $\textbf{Li}$near $\textbf{R}$elaxation-based $\textbf{P}$erturbation $\textbf{A}$nalysis ($\texttt{PT-LiRPA}$), a novel framework that combines over-approximation techniques from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Luca Marzari , Ferdinando Cicalese , Alessandro Farinelli

In this paper, we study certifying the robustness of ReLU neural networks against adversarial input perturbations. To diminish the relaxation error suffered by the popular linear programming (LP) and semidefinite programming (SDP)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Brendon G. Anderson , Ziye Ma , Jingqi Li , Somayeh Sojoudi

Bound propagation based incomplete neural network verifiers such as CROWN are very efficient and can significantly accelerate branch-and-bound (BaB) based complete verification of neural networks. However, bound propagation cannot fully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Shiqi Wang , Huan Zhang , Kaidi Xu , Xue Lin , Suman Jana , Cho-Jui Hsieh , J. Zico Kolter

The vulnerability of neural networks to adversarial perturbations has necessitated formal verification techniques that can rigorously certify the quality of neural networks. As the state-of-the-art, branch and bound (BaB) is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Guanqin Zhang , Kota Fukuda , Zhenya Zhang , H. M. N. Dilum Bandara , Shiping Chen , Jianjun Zhao , Yulei Sui

Branch-and-bound with preactivation splitting has been shown highly effective for deterministic verification of neural networks. In this paper, we extend this framework to the probabilistic setting. We propose BaB-prob that iteratively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Fangji Wang , Panagiotis Tsiotras

Linear relaxation based perturbation analysis (LiRPA) for neural networks, which computes provable linear bounds of output neurons given a certain amount of input perturbation, has become a core component in robustness verification and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Kaidi Xu , Zhouxing Shi , Huan Zhang , Yihan Wang , Kai-Wei Chang , Minlie Huang , Bhavya Kailkhura , Xue Lin , Cho-Jui Hsieh

A fundamental component of neural network verification is the computation of bounds on the values their outputs can take. Previous methods have either used off-the-shelf solvers, discarding the problem structure, or relaxed the problem even…

Formal verification is a rigorous approach that can provably ensure the quality of neural networks, and to date, Branch and Bound (BaB) is the state-of-the-art that performs verification by splitting the problem as needed and applying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Kota Fukuda , Guanqin Zhang , Zhenya Zhang , Yulei Sui , Jianjun Zhao

The increasing integration of deep neural networks in critical systems has spawned a theoretical and practical interest in formally guaranteeing safety properties about their behavior. To achieve this, contemporary verification algorithms…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ido Shmuel , Guy Katz

Formal verification of neural networks is essential for their deployment in safety-critical areas. Many available formal verification methods have been shown to be instances of a unified Branch and Bound (BaB) formulation. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Jingyue Lu , M. Pawan Kumar

Solving quantifier-free non-linear real arithmetic (NRA) problems is a computationally hard task. To tackle this problem, prior work proposed a promising approach based on gradient descent. In this work, we extend their ideas and combine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Christopher Brix , Julia Walczak , Nils Lommen , Thomas Noll

Deep Neural Networks demonstrate exceptional performance but remain vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, necessitating formal verification for safety-critical deployment. To address the computational complexity of this task, researchers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jingyang Li , Fu Song , Guoqiang Li

Neural network verification aims to provide provable bounds for the output of a neural network for a given input range. Notable prior works in this domain have either generated bounds using abstract domains, which preserve some dependency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Matt Jordan , Jonathan Hayase , Alexandros G. Dimakis , Sewoong Oh
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