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In gradient descent, changing how we parametrize the model can lead to drastically different optimization trajectories, giving rise to a surprising range of meaningful inductive biases: identifying sparse classifiers or reconstructing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-24 Anna Kerekes , Anna Mészáros , Ferenc Huszár

Works on implicit regularization have studied gradient trajectories during the optimization process to explain why deep networks favor certain kinds of solutions over others. In deep linear networks, it has been shown that gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Dan Zhao

Efforts to understand the generalization mystery in deep learning have led to the belief that gradient-based optimization induces a form of implicit regularization, a bias towards models of low "complexity." We study the implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Sanjeev Arora , Nadav Cohen , Wei Hu , Yuping Luo

When optimizing over-parameterized models, such as deep neural networks, a large set of parameters can achieve zero training error. In such cases, the choice of the optimization algorithm and its respective hyper-parameters introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Gauthier Gidel , Francis Bach , Simon Lacoste-Julien

Understanding the implicit bias of training algorithms is of crucial importance in order to explain the success of overparametrised neural networks. In this paper, we study the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent over diagonal linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Scott Pesme , Loucas Pillaud-Vivien , Nicolas Flammarion

Although statistical learning theory provides a robust framework to understand supervised learning, many theoretical aspects of deep learning remain unclear, in particular how different architectures may lead to inductive bias when trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Cédric Gerbelot , Avetik Karagulyan , Stefani Karp , Kavya Ravichandran , Menachem Stern , Nathan Srebro

Modern deep learning models generalize remarkably well in-distribution, despite being overparametrized and trained with little to no explicit regularization. Instead, current theory credits implicit regularization imposed by the choice of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jonathan Wenger , Beau Coker , Juraj Marusic , John P. Cunningham

It is believed that Gradient Descent (GD) induces an implicit bias towards good generalization in training machine learning models. This paper provides a fine-grained analysis of the dynamics of GD for the matrix sensing problem, whose goal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Jikai Jin , Zhiyuan Li , Kaifeng Lyu , Simon S. Du , Jason D. Lee

A widely believed explanation for the remarkable generalization capacities of overparameterized neural networks is that the optimization algorithms used for training induce an implicit bias towards benign solutions. To grasp this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Maria Matveev , Vit Fojtik , Hung-Hsu Chou , Gitta Kutyniok , Johannes Maly

A leading hypothesis for the surprising generalization of neural networks is that the dynamics of gradient descent bias the model towards simple solutions, by searching through the solution space in an incremental order of complexity. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Daniel Gissin , Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Amit Daniely

Despite the extreme popularity of deep learning in science and industry, its formal understanding is limited. This thesis puts forth notions of rank as key for developing a theory of deep learning, focusing on the fundamental aspects of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Noam Razin

Gradient descent for matrix factorization exhibits an implicit bias toward approximately low-rank solutions. While existing theories often assume the boundedness of iterates, empirically the bias persists even with unbounded sequences. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yikun Hou , Suvrit Sra , Alp Yurtsever

The implicit biases of gradient-based optimization algorithms are conjectured to be a major factor in the success of modern deep learning. In this work, we investigate the implicit bias of gradient flow and gradient descent in two-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Spencer Frei , Gal Vardi , Peter L. Bartlett , Nathan Srebro , Wei Hu

Implicit regularization is an important way to interpret neural networks. Recent theory starts to explain implicit regularization with the model of deep matrix factorization (DMF) and analyze the trajectory of discrete gradient dynamics in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Jian Cao , Chen Qian , Yihui Huang , Dicheng Chen , Yuncheng Gao , Jiyang Dong , Di Guo , Xiaobo Qu

Deep learning systems are known to exhibit implicit regularization (alt. implicit bias), favoring simple solutions instead of merely minimizing the loss function. In some cases, we can analytically derive the implicit regularization --…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Joseph H. Rudoler , Kevin Tan , Giles Hooker , Konrad P. Kording

The remarkable practical success of deep learning has revealed some major surprises from a theoretical perspective. In particular, simple gradient methods easily find near-optimal solutions to non-convex optimization problems, and despite…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-17 Peter L. Bartlett , Andrea Montanari , Alexander Rakhlin

Modern deep neural networks are highly over-parameterized compared to the data on which they are trained, yet they often generalize remarkably well. A flurry of recent work has asked: why do deep networks not overfit to their training data?…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Minyoung Huh , Hossein Mobahi , Richard Zhang , Brian Cheung , Pulkit Agrawal , Phillip Isola

Modern machine learning models are often trained in a setting where the number of parameters exceeds the number of training samples. To understand the implicit bias of gradient descent in such overparameterized models, prior work has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Hannes Matt , Dominik Stöger

The optimization algorithms are crucial in training physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), as unsuitable methods may lead to poor solutions. Compared to the common gradient descent (GD) algorithm, implicit gradient descent (IGD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Xianliang Xu , Ting Du , Wang Kong , Bin Shan , Ye Li , Zhongyi Huang

Over the past few years, an extensively studied phenomenon in training deep networks is the implicit bias of gradient descent towards parsimonious solutions. In this work, we investigate this phenomenon by narrowing our focus to deep linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Can Yaras , Peng Wang , Wei Hu , Zhihui Zhu , Laura Balzano , Qing Qu
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