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We provide a survey of nonstationary surrogate models which utilize Gaussian processes (GPs) or variations thereof, including nonstationary kernel adaptations, partition and local GPs, and spatial warpings through deep Gaussian processes.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-04 Annie S. Booth , Andrew Cooper , Robert B. Gramacy

A key challenge in spatial statistics is the analysis for massive spatially-referenced data sets. Such analyses often proceed from Gaussian process specifications that can produce rich and robust inference, but involve dense covariance…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-25 Shinichiro Shirota , Andrew O. Finley , Bruce D. Cook , Sudipto Banerjee

Modeling data with non-stationary covariance structure is important to represent heterogeneity in geophysical and other environmental spatial processes. In this work, we investigate a multistage approach to modeling non-stationary…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-05 Ashton Wiens , Douglas Nychka , William Kleibe

We propose a new modeling framework for highly-multivariate spatial processes that synthesizes ideas from recent multiscale and spectral approaches with graphical models. The basis graphical lasso writes a univariate Gaussian process as a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-08 Mitchell Krock , William Kleiber , Dorit Hammerling , Stephen Becker

We propose a new approach for the modeling large datasets of nonstationary spatial processes that combines a latent low rank process and a sparse covariance model. The low rank component coefficients are endowed with a flexible graphical…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-08 Matthew LeDuc , William Kleiber , Tomoko Matsuo

Spatio-temporal systems exhibiting multi-scale behaviour are common in applications ranging from cyber-physical systems to systems biology, yet they present formidable challenges for computational modelling and analysis. Here we consider a…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-02-01 Michalis Michaelides , Jane Hillston , Guido Sanguinetti

Spatial statistics is concerned with the analysis of data that have spatial locations associated with them, and those locations are used to model statistical dependence between the data. The spatial data are treated as a single realisation…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-09 Noel Cressie , Matthew Sainsbury-Dale , Andrew Zammit-Mangion

Additive spatial statistical models with weakly stationary process assumptions have become standard in spatial statistics. However, one disadvantage of such models is the computation time, which rapidly increases with the number of data…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-18 Sudipto Saha , Jonathan R. Bradley

We develop a class of nearest-neighbor mixture models that provide direct, computationally efficient, probabilistic modeling for non-Gaussian geospatial data. The class is defined over a directed acyclic graph, which implies conditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-28 Xiaotian Zheng , Athanasios Kottas , Bruno Sansó

Gaussian processes (GPs) are a popular class of Bayesian nonparametric models, but its training can be computationally burdensome for massive training datasets. While there has been notable work on scaling up these models for big data,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-16 Kevin Li , Simon Mak

Quantifying uncertainty in future climate projections is hindered by the prohibitive computational cost of running physical climate models, which severely limits the availability of training data. We propose a data-efficient framework for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-27 Johannes Brachem , Paul F. V. Wiemann , Matthias Katzfuss

Multivariate spatially-oriented data sets are prevalent in the environmental and physical sciences. Scientists seek to jointly model multiple variables, each indexed by a spatial location, to capture any underlying spatial association for…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-19 Lu Zhang , Sudipto Banerjee

Motivated by a computer experiment for the design of a rocket booster, this paper explores nonstationary modeling methodologies that couple stationary Gaussian processes with treed partitioning. Partitioning is a simple but effective method…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-03-17 Robert B. Gramacy , Herbert K. H. Lee

Understanding and predicting environmental phenomena often requires the construction of spatio-temporal statistical models, which are typically Gaussian processes. A common assumption made on Gaussian processes is that of covariance…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-17 Quan Vu , Andrew Zammit-Mangion , Stephen J. Chuter

The Gaussian process is an indispensable tool for spatial data analysts. The onset of the "big data" era, however, has lead to the traditional Gaussian process being computationally infeasible for modern spatial data. As such, various…

It is increasingly understood that the assumption of stationarity is unrealistic for many spatial processes. In this article, we combine dimension expansion with a spectral method to model big non-stationary spatial fields in a…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-20 Hou-Cheng Yang , Jonathan R. Bradley

Spatial processes observed in various fields, such as climate and environmental science, often occur on a large scale and demonstrate spatial nonstationarity. Fitting a Gaussian process with a nonstationary Mat\'ern covariance is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-21 Pratik Nag , Yiping Hong , Sameh Abdulah , Ghulam A. Qadir , Marc G. Genton , Ying Sun

Nonstationarity in spatial and spatio-temporal processes is ubiquitous in environmental datasets, but is not often addressed in practice, due to a scarcity of statistical software packages that implement nonstationary models. In this…

Computation · Statistics 2025-12-10 Quan Vu , Xuanjie Shao , Raphaël Huser , Andrew Zammit-Mangion

High-dimensional classification and feature selection tasks are ubiquitous with the recent advancement in data acquisition technology. In several application areas such as biology, genomics and proteomics, the data are often functional in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-30 W Yu , S Wade , H D Bondell , L Azizi

We develop Bayesian nonparametric models for spatially indexed data of mixed type. Our work is motivated by challenges that occur in environmental epidemiology, where the usual presence of several confounding variables that exhibit complex…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-10-17 Georgios Papageorgiou , Sylvia Richardson , Nicky Best