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Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington

Making an informed choice of pre-trained language model (LM) is critical for performance, yet environmentally costly, and as such widely underexplored. The field of Computer Vision has begun to tackle encoder ranking, with promising forays…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Max Müller-Eberstein , Rob van der Goot , Barbara Plank

Learning representations that accurately model semantics is an important goal of natural language processing research. Many semantic phenomena depend on syntactic structure. Recent work examines the extent to which state-of-the-art models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Geoff Bacon , Terry Regier

Estimation of semantic similarity is an important research problem both in natural language processing and the natural language understanding, and that has tremendous application on various downstream tasks such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 R. Prashanth

Contextualized embeddings such as BERT can serve as strong input representations to NLP tasks, outperforming their static embeddings counterparts such as skip-gram, CBOW and GloVe. However, such embeddings are dynamic, calculated according…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Yile Wang , Leyang Cui , Yue Zhang

Syntactic parsing is the task of assigning a syntactic structure to a sentence. There are two popular syntactic parsing methods: constituency and dependency parsing. Recent works have used syntactic embeddings based on constituency trees,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Subba Reddy Oota , Mounika Marreddy , Manish Gupta , Bapi Raju Surampud

Dense vector representations for textual data are crucial in modern NLP. Word embeddings and sentence embeddings estimated from raw texts are key in achieving state-of-the-art results in various tasks requiring semantic understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Sonal Sannigrahi , Josef van Genabith , Cristina Espana-Bonet

In this paper, we investigate the modeling power of contextualized embeddings from pre-trained language models, e.g. BERT, on the E2E-ABSA task. Specifically, we build a series of simple yet insightful neural baselines to deal with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Xin Li , Lidong Bing , Wenxuan Zhang , Wai Lam

In this paper, we address the problem of learning low dimension representation of entities on relational databases consisting of multiple tables. Embeddings help to capture semantics encoded in the database and can be used in a variety of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Siddhant Arora , Vinayak Gupta , Garima Gaur , Srikanta Bedathur

Black-box probing models can reliably extract linguistic features like tense, number, and syntactic role from pretrained word representations. However, the manner in which these features are encoded in representations remains poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Evan Hernandez , Jacob Andreas

Contextualized representation models such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2018a) and BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) have recently achieved state-of-the-art results on a diverse array of downstream NLP tasks. Building on recent token-level probing work,…

Pretrained contextualized text encoders are now a staple of the NLP community. We present a survey on language representation learning with the aim of consolidating a series of shared lessons learned across a variety of recent efforts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Patrick Xia , Shijie Wu , Benjamin Van Durme

A central quest of probing is to uncover how pre-trained models encode a linguistic property within their representations. An encoding, however, might be spurious-i.e., the model might not rely on it when making predictions. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Karim Lasri , Tiago Pimentel , Alessandro Lenci , Thierry Poibeau , Ryan Cotterell

An important question concerning contextualized word embedding (CWE) models like BERT is how well they can represent different word senses, especially those in the long tail of uncommon senses. Rather than build a WSD system as in previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Luke Gessler , Nathan Schneider

In the era of high performing Large Language Models, researchers have widely acknowledged that contextual word representations are one of the key drivers in achieving top performances in downstream tasks. In this work, we investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Soniya Vijayakumar , Josef van Genabith , Simon Ostermann

Recent research demonstrates the effectiveness of using pre-trained language models for legal case retrieval. Most of the existing works focus on improving the representation ability for the contextualized embedding of the [CLS] token and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Haitao Li , Qingyao Ai , Xinyan Han , Jia Chen , Qian Dong , Yiqun Liu , Chong Chen , Qi Tian

Although models using contextual word embeddings have achieved state-of-the-art results on a host of NLP tasks, little is known about exactly what information these embeddings encode about the context words that they are understood to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Josef Klafka , Allyson Ettinger

While contextualized word representations have improved state-of-the-art benchmarks in many NLP tasks, their potential usefulness for social-oriented tasks remains largely unexplored. We show how contextualized word embeddings can be used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Anjalie Field , Yulia Tsvetkov

Distributional semantics has deeply changed in the last decades. First, predict models stole the thunder from traditional count ones, and more recently both of them were replaced in many NLP applications by contextualized vectors produced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Alessandro Lenci , Magnus Sahlgren , Patrick Jeuniaux , Amaru Cuba Gyllensten , Martina Miliani

One of the central aspects of contextualised language models is that they should be able to distinguish the meaning of lexically ambiguous words by their contexts. In this paper we investigate the extent to which the contextualised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Janosch Haber , Massimo Poesio