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We study the convergence of accelerated stochastic gradient descent for strongly convex objectives under the growth condition, which states that the variance of stochastic gradient is bounded by a multiplicative part that grows with the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-01 You-Lin Chen , Sen Na , Mladen Kolar

Running out of GPU memory has become a main bottleneck for large-scale DNN training. How to reduce the memory footprint during training has received intensive research attention. We find that previous gradient accumulation reduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Yijia Zhang , Yibo Han , Shijie Cao , Guohao Dai , Youshan Miao , Ting Cao , Fan Yang , Ningyi Xu

Currently, widely used first-order deep learning optimizers include non-adaptive learning rate optimizers and adaptive learning rate optimizers. The former is represented by SGDM (Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum), while the latter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Honglin Qin , Hongye Zheng , Bingxing Wang , Zhizhong Wu , Bingyao Liu , Yuanfang Yang

Adaptive methods such as Adam and RMSProp are widely used in deep learning but are not well understood. In this paper, we seek a crisp, clean and precise characterization of their behavior in nonconvex settings. To this end, we first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Matthew Staib , Sashank J. Reddi , Satyen Kale , Sanjiv Kumar , Suvrit Sra

Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) has been used successfully in many conventional machine learning applications and is considered to be a useful alternative to Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) as a deep learning optimizer.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-07 Junxiang Wang , Fuxun Yu , Xiang Chen , Liang Zhao

In this paper, we present a distributed variant of adaptive stochastic gradient method for training deep neural networks in the parameter-server model. To reduce the communication cost among the workers and server, we incorporate two types…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Congliang Chen , Li Shen , Haozhi Huang , Wei Liu

The vast majority of modern deep learning models are trained with momentum-based first-order optimizers. The momentum term governs the optimizer's memory by determining how much each past gradient contributes to the current convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kristi Topollai , Anna Choromanska

It is widely believed that stochastic gradient descent (SGD) performs significantly worse than adaptive optimizers such as Adam in pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet the underlying reason for this gap remains unclear. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Athanasios Glentis , Dawei Li , Chung-Yiu Yau , Mingyi Hong

Adam has proven remarkable successful in training deep neural networks, but the mechanisms underlying its empirical successes and limitations remain underexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of Adam stems largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Wen Gao

Adaptive moment methods have been remarkably successful in deep learning optimization, particularly in the presence of noisy and/or sparse gradients. We further the advantages of adaptive moment techniques by proposing a family of double…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-07 Kin Gutierrez , Jin Li , Cristian Challu , Artur Dubrawski

This paper formalizes and analyzes Gaussian smoothing applied to two prominent optimization methods: Stochastic Gradient Descent (GSmoothSGD) and Adam (GSmoothAdam) in deep learning. By attenuating small fluctuations, Gaussian smoothing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-19 Andrew Starnes , Clayton Webster

We present Amos, a stochastic gradient-based optimizer designed for training deep neural networks. It can be viewed as an Adam optimizer with theoretically supported, adaptive learning-rate decay and weight decay. A key insight behind Amos…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ran Tian , Ankur P. Parikh

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is an inherently sequential training algorithm--computing the gradient at batch $i$ depends on the model parameters learned from batch $i-1$. Prior approaches that break this dependence do not honor them…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Saeed Maleki , Madan Musuvathi , Todd Mytkowicz , Olli Saarikivi , Tianju Xu , Vadim Eksarevskiy , Jaliya Ekanayake , Emad Barsoum

It is well known that we need to choose the hyper-parameters in Momentum, AdaGrad, AdaDelta, and other alternative stochastic optimizers. While in many cases, the hyper-parameters are tuned tediously based on experience becoming more of an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Jun Lu

The learning rate is a crucial hyperparameter in deep learning, with its ideal value depending on the problem and potentially changing during training. In this paper, we investigate the practical utility of adaptive learning rate mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Asma Atamna , Tom Maus , Fabian Kievelitz , Tobias Glasmachers

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are trained using stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-based optimizers. Recently, the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer has become very popular due to its adaptive momentum, which tackles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 S. K. Roy , M. E. Paoletti , J. M. Haut , S. R. Dubey , P. Kar , A. Plaza , B. B. Chaudhuri

Adaptive optimization algorithms such as Adam are widely used in deep learning. The stability of such algorithms is often improved with a warmup schedule for the learning rate. Motivated by the difficulty of choosing and tuning warmup…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Jerry Ma , Denis Yarats

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) with adaptive steps is widely used to train deep neural networks and generative models. Most theoretical results assume that it is possible to obtain unbiased gradient estimators, which is not the case in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-17 Sobihan Surendran , Antoine Godichon-Baggioni , Adeline Fermanian , Sylvain Le Corff

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have gained increasing popularity in deep learning optimization. However, it has been observed that compared with (stochastic) gradient descent, Adam can converge to a different solution with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Difan Zou , Yuan Cao , Yuanzhi Li , Quanquan Gu

The Adam optimizer is the standard choice in deep learning applications. I propose a simple explanation of Adam's success: it makes each parameter's step size independent of the norms of the other parameters. Based on this principle I…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Jacob Jackson