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This paper presents a hydrodynamic simulation that couples detailed non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) calculations of the hydrogen and helium level populations to model the H$\alpha$ and He 10830 transmission spectra of the hot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-27 Dongdong Yan , Jianheng Guo , Kwang-il Seon , Manuel López-Puertas , Stefan Czesla , Manuel Lampón

Clouds are an integral part of planetary atmospheres, with most planets hosting clouds. The understanding of not only the formation, but also the composition of clouds is crucial to the understanding of future observations. As observations…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-14 Oliver Herbort , Peter Woitke , Christiane Helling , Aubrey L. Zerkle

The search for signs of life through the detection of exoplanet atmosphere biosignature gases is gaining momentum. Yet, only a handful of rocky exoplanet atmospheres are suitable for observation with planned next-generation telescopes. To…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-16 Sara Seager , Janusz J. Petkowski , Maximilian N. Günther , William Bains , Thomas Mikal-Evans , Drake Deming

Using 3D hydrodynamic calculations we simulate formation of molecular clouds in the Galaxy. The simulations take into account molecular hydrogen chemical kinetics, cooling and heating processes. Comprehensive gravitational potential…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-05 S. A. Khoperskov , E. O. Vasiliev , A. M. Sobolev , A. V. Khoperskov

{It has recently been proposed that giant molecular complexes form at the sites where streams of diffuse warm atomic gas collide at transonic velocities.} {We study the global statistics of molecular clouds formed by large scale colliding…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 P. Hennebelle , R. Banerjee , E. Vazquez-Semadeni , R. Klessen , E. Audit

Understanding water deuterium fractionation is important for constraining the mechanisms of water formation in interstellar clouds. Observations of HDO and H$_2^{18}$O transitions were carried out towards the high-mass star-forming region…

We present a new and extended transmission spectrum of the warm Neptune HAT-P-26b spanning wavelengths between 0.29 - 5.0 microns. This spectrum is derived from new HST STIS G430L observations from the PanCET program, a reanalysis of the…

The atmospheric chemical composition of a hot Jupiter can lead to insights into where in its natal protoplanetary disk it formed and its subsequent migration pathway. We use a 1-D chemical kinetics code to compute a suite of models across a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-17 Richard Hobbs , Oliver Shorttle , Nikku Madhusudhan

Knowing the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere is crucial for constraining Jupiter's bulk metallicity and formation history. Yet, constraining Jupiter's atmospheric water abundance is challenging due to its potential non-uniform…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-01 Huazhi Ge , Cheng Li , Xi Zhang , Andrew P. Ingersoll , Sihe Chen

We present high resolution transmission spectra, calculated directly from a 3D radiative-hydrodynamics simulation that includes kinetic cloud formation, for HD209458b. We find that the high opacity of our vertically extensive cloud deck,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-04 S. Lines , J. Manners , N. J. Mayne , J. Goyal , A. L. Carter , I. A. Boutle , E. K. H. Lee , Ch. Helling , B. Drummond , D. M. Acreman , D. K. Sing

Cloud evolution for various metallicities is investigated by three-dimensional nested grid simulations, in which the initial ratio of rotational to gravitational energy of the host cloud \beta_0 (=10^-1 - 10^-6) and cloud metallicity Z (=0…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Masahiro N. Machida

The upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) promises a generational shift in the study of temperate mini-Neptune atmospheres using transit spectroscopy. High-altitude clouds however threaten to impede their atmospheric characterisation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-06-22 Savvas Constantinou , Nikku Madhusudhan

Atmospheric compositions of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths are often interpreted as tracers of formation location relative to volatile ice lines. However, prolonged magma oceans can chemically equilibrate with primordial atmospheres and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-28 Aaron Werlen , Remo Burn , Caroline Dorn , Lukas Felix , Annika Salmi

The atmospheric characterisation of GJ1214 b has so far remained uncertain due to the observed flatness of the transit spectra of this planet that is typically attributed to the presence of hazes or clouds in its atmosphere. Here we combine…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-15 Panayotis Lavvas , Sophia Paraskevaidou , Anthony Arfaux

The Neptune-mass GJ 436b is one of the most-studied transiting exoplanets with repeated measurements of both its thermal emission and transmission spectra. We build on previous studies to answer outstanding questions about this planet,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-02-01 Caroline V. Morley , Heather Knutson , Michael Line , Jonathan J. Fortney , Daniel Thorngren , Mark S. Marley , Dillon Teal , Roxana Lupu

A simulation tool which utilizes parallel processing is developed to describe molecular kinetics in 2D, single-and multi-component atmospheres on Callisto. This expands on our previous study on the role of collisions in 1D atmospheres on…

The current Venus climate is largely regulated by globally-covered concentrated sulfuric acid clouds from binary condensation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water (H2O). To understand this complicated H2SO4-H2O gas-cloud system, previous…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-22 Longkang Dai , Xi Zhang , Wencheng D. Shao , Carver J. Bierson , Jun Cui

The precipitation of cloud particles in brown dwarf and exoplanet atmospheres establishes an ongoing downward flux of condensable elements. To understand the efficiency of cloud formation, it is therefore crucial to quantify the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-02-05 Peter Woitke , Christiane Helling , Ophelia Gunn