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This paper investigates source code similarity detection using a transformer model augmented with an execution-derived signal. We extend GraphCodeBERT with an explicit, low-dimensional behavioral feature that captures observable agreement…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jorge Martinez-Gil

The application of code clone technology accelerates code search, improves code reuse efficiency, and assists in software quality assessment and code vulnerability detection. However, the application of code clones also introduces software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Xunhui Zhang , Tao Wang , Yue Yu , Yanzhi Zhang , Yan Zhong , Huaimin Wang

With the increase in the number of open repositories and discussion forums, the use of natural language for semantic code search has become increasingly common. The accuracy of the results returned by such systems, however, can be low due…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Raunak Sinha , Utkarsh Desai , Srikanth Tamilselvam , Senthil Mani

Code Clone Detection, which aims to retrieve functionally similar programs from large code bases, has been attracting increasing attention. Modern software often involves a diverse range of programming languages. However, current code clone…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Yangkai Du , Tengfei Ma , Lingfei Wu , Xuhong Zhang , Shouling Ji

Recently program learning techniques have been proposed to process source code based on syntactical structures (e.g., Abstract Syntax Trees) and/or semantic information (e.g., Dependency Graphs). Although graphs may be better at capturing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Nghi D. Q. Bui , Yijun Yu , Lingxiao Jiang

Software comprehension can be extremely time-consuming due to the ever-growing size of codebases. Consequently, there is an increasing need to accelerate the code comprehension process to facilitate maintenance and reduce associated costs.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Krzysztof Borowski , Bartosz Baliś , Tomasz Orzechowski

Software clone detection identifies similar code snippets. It has been an active research topic that attracts extensive attention over the last two decades. In recent years, machine learning (ML) based detectors, especially deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Weiwei Zhang , Shengjian Guo , Hongyu Zhang , Yulei Sui , Yinxing Xue , Yun Xu

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are nowadays the model of choice in Computer Vision, thanks to their ability to automatize the feature extraction process in visual tasks. However, the knowledge acquired during training is fully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Francesco Dibitonto , Fabio Garcea , André Panisson , Alan Perotti , Lia Morra

We consider the problem of program clone search, i.e. given a target program and a repository of known programs (all in executable format), the goal is to find the program in the repository most similar to the target program - with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Tristan Benoit , Jean-Yves Marion , Sébastien Bardin

Code clone detection is about finding out similar code fragments, which has drawn much attention in software engineering since it is important for software maintenance and evolution. Researchers have proposed many techniques and tools for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Junjie Shan , Shihan Dou , Yueming Wu , Hairu Wu , Yang Liu

To obtain code snippets for reuse, programmers prefer to search for related documents, e.g., blogs or Q&A, instead of code itself. The major reason is due to the semantic diversity and mismatch between queries and code snippets. Deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Zhensu Sun , Yan Liu , Chen Yang , Yu Qian

Duplicated code or code clones are a kind of code smell that have both positive and negative impacts on the development and maintenance of software systems. Software clone research in the past mostly focused on the detection and analysis of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Chanchal K. Roy , Minhaz F. Zibran , Rainer Koschke

The increasing adoption of AI-generated code has reshaped modern software development, introducing syntactic and semantic variations in cloned code. Unlike traditional human-written clones, AI-generated clones exhibit systematic syntactic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Ajmain Inqiad Alam , Palash Roy , Farouq Al-omari , Chanchal Roy , Banani Roy , Kevin Schneider

The lexical and syntactic disparities among different programming languages (e.g., Java and Python) pose significant challenges for multi-language software engineering tasks such as cross-language code clone detection and code retrieval,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Junhao Chen , Jingxuan Zhang , Jian He , Yixuan Tang , Weiqin Zou

This paper tackles the challenge of teaching code semantics to Large Language Models (LLMs) for program analysis by incorporating code symmetries into the model architecture. We introduce a group-theoretic framework that defines code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Kexin Pei , Weichen Li , Qirui Jin , Shuyang Liu , Scott Geng , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Junfeng Yang , Suman Jana

Deep Learning applications are becoming increasingly popular. Developers of deep learning systems strive to write more efficient code. Deep learning systems are constantly evolving, imposing tighter development timelines and increasing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Hadhemi Jebnoun , Md Saidur Rahman , Foutse Khomh , Biruk Asmare Muse

Copy & paste is a widespread practice when developing software and, thus, duplicated and subsequently modified code occurs frequently in software projects. Since such code clones, i.e., identical or similar fragments of code, can bloat…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Thomas S. Heinze , André Schäfer , Wolfram Amme

Recent successes in training word embeddings for NLP tasks have encouraged a wave of research on representation learning for source code, which builds on similar NLP methods. The overall objective is then to produce code embeddings that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Patrick Keller , Laura Plein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Jacques Klein , Yves Le Traon

Code retrieval techniques and tools have been playing a key role in facilitating software developers to retrieve existing code fragments from available open-source repositories given a user query. Despite the existing efforts in improving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Yao Wan , Jingdong Shu , Yulei Sui , Guandong Xu , Zhou Zhao , Jian Wu , Philip S. Yu

Detecting code clones is crucial in various software engineering tasks. In particular, code clone detection can have significant uses in the context of analyzing and fixing bugs in large scale applications. However, prior works, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Hongfa Xue , Yongsheng Mei , Kailash Gogineni , Guru Venkataramani , Tian Lan