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State of the art natural language processing tools are built on context-dependent word embeddings, but no direct method for evaluating these representations currently exists. Standard tasks and datasets for intrinsic evaluation of…

The detection of toxic language in the Arabic language has emerged as an active area of research in recent years, and reviewing the existing datasets employed for training the developed solutions has become a pressing need. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Imene Bensalem , Paolo Rosso , Hanane Zitouni

Embeddings are a fundamental component of many modern machine learning and natural language processing models. Understanding them and visualizing them is essential for gathering insights about the information they capture and the behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Piero Molino , Yang Wang , Jiawei Zhang

Transcribed speech and user-generated text in Arabic typically contain a mixture of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the standardized language taught in schools, and Dialectal Arabic (DA), used in daily communications. To handle this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Amr Keleg , Sharon Goldwater , Walid Magdy

This paper presents a dataset for closest opposite questions in Arabic language. The dataset is the first of its kind for the Arabic language. It is beneficial for the assessment of systems on the aspect of antonymy detection. The structure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Sandra Rizkallah , Amir F. Atiya , Samir Shaheen

We introduce JEEM, a benchmark designed to evaluate Vision-Language Models (VLMs) on visual understanding across four Arabic-speaking countries: Jordan, The Emirates, Egypt, and Morocco. JEEM includes the tasks of image captioning and…

We present Dolphin, a novel benchmark that addresses the need for a natural language generation (NLG) evaluation framework dedicated to the wide collection of Arabic languages and varieties. The proposed benchmark encompasses a broad range…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 El Moatez Billah Nagoudi , AbdelRahim Elmadany , Ahmed El-Shangiti , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

This work presents a novel framework for training Arabic nested embedding models through Matryoshka Embedding Learning, leveraging multilingual, Arabic-specific, and English-based models, to highlight the power of nested embeddings models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Omer Nacar , Anis Koubaa

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is an important aspect of natural language processing. Arabic has a complicated morphological and syntactic structure, posing a greater challenge than other languages. Even though modern neural models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Ahlam Alrehili , Areej Alhothali

In text processing, deep neural networks mostly use word embeddings as an input. Embeddings have to ensure that relations between words are reflected through distances in a high-dimensional numeric space. To compare the quality of different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Matej Ulčar , Kristiina Vaik , Jessica Lindström , Milda Dailidėnaitė , Marko Robnik-Šikonja

We present a formal Arabic wordnet built on the basis of a carefully designed ontology hereby referred to as the Arabic Ontology. The ontology provides a formal representation of the concepts that the Arabic terms convey, and its content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Mustafa Jarrar

The Arabic language is among the most popular languages in the world with a huge variety of dialects spoken in 22 countries. In this study, we address the problem of classifying 18 Arabic dialects of the QADI dataset of Arabic tweets. RNN…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Omar A. Essameldin , Ali O. Elbeih , Wael H. Gomaa , Wael F. Elsersy

Building dialogues systems interaction has recently gained considerable attention, but most of the resources and systems built so far are tailored to English and other Indo-European languages. The need for designing systems for other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-05-13 AbdelRahim A. Elmadany , Sherif M. Abdou , Mervat Gheith

Arabic dialects form a diverse continuum, yet NLP models often treat them as discrete categories. Recent work addresses this issue by modeling dialectness as a continuous variable, notably through the Arabic Level of Dialectness (ALDi).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sanad Shaban , Nizar Habash

We introduce {\bf Swan}, a family of embedding models centred around the Arabic language, addressing both small-scale and large-scale use cases. Swan includes two variants: Swan-Small, based on ARBERTv2, and Swan-Large, built on ArMistral,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Gagan Bhatia , El Moatez Billah Nagoudi , Abdellah El Mekki , Fakhraddin Alwajih , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, not only in generating human-like text, but also in acquiring knowledge. This highlights the need to go beyond the typical Natural Language Processing downstream benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Ahmad Mustapha , Hadi Al-Khansa , Hadi Al-Mubasher , Aya Mourad , Ranam Hamoud , Hasan El-Husseini , Marwah Al-Sakkaf , Mariette Awad

Dialectal Arabic is the primary spoken language used by native Arabic speakers in daily communication. The rise of social media platforms has notably expanded its use as a written language. However, Arabic dialects do not have standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Bashar Alhafni , Sarah Al-Towaity , Ziyad Fawzy , Fatema Nassar , Fadhl Eryani , Houda Bouamor , Nizar Habash

Current Machine Translation (MT) systems for Arabic often struggle to account for dialectal diversity, frequently homogenizing dialectal inputs into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and offering limited user control over the target vernacular.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Afroza Nowshin , Prithweeraj Acharjee Porag , Haziq Jeelani , Fayeq Jeelani Syed

Distributed language representation has become the most widely used technique for language representation in various natural language processing tasks. Most of the natural language processing models that are based on deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Martina Toshevska , Frosina Stojanovska , Jovan Kalajdjieski

This paper addresses the task of extending a given synset with additional synonyms taking into account synonymy strength as a fuzzy value. Given a mono/multilingual synset and a threshold (a fuzzy value [0-1]), our goal is to extract new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Sana Ghanem , Mustafa Jarrar , Radi Jarrar , Ibrahim Bounhas