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Binary Function Similarity Detection (BFSD) is a core problem in software security, supporting tasks such as vulnerability analysis, malware classification, and patch provenance. In the past few decades, numerous models and tools have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yiming Fan , Jun Yeon Won , Ding Zhu , Melih Sirlanci , Mahdi Khalili , Carter Yagemann

While third-party libraries are extensively reused to enhance productivity during software development, they can also introduce potential security risks such as vulnerability propagation. Software composition analysis, proposed to identify…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ling Jiang , Junwen An , Huihui Huang , Qiyi Tang , Sen Nie , Shi Wu , Yuqun Zhang

Binary similarity detection is a critical technique that has been applied in many real-world scenarios where source code is not available, e.g., bug search, malware analysis, and code plagiarism detection. Existing works are ineffective in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Zian Liu , Zhi Zhang , Siqi Ma , Dongxi Liu , Jun Zhang , Chao Chen , Shigang Liu , Muhammad Ejaz Ahmed , Yang Xiang

Being able to identify functions of interest in cross-architecture software is useful whether you are analysing for malware, securing the software supply chain or conducting vulnerability research. Cross-Architecture Binary Code Similarity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Josh Collyer , Tim Watson , Iain Phillips

Binary code similarity detection is to detect the similarity of code at binary (assembly) level without source code. Existing works have their limitations when dealing with mutated binary code generated by different compiling options. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Zian Liu

Static and dynamic binary analysis techniques are actively used to reverse engineer software's behavior and to detect its vulnerabilities, even when only the binary code is available for analysis. To avoid analysis errors due to misreading…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Sami Kairajärvi , Andrei Costin , Timo Hämäläinen

As emerging attacks increasingly target Industrial Control Systems (ICS), the security of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) has become a critical concern. Binary Code Analysis (BCA), which enables analysts to understand compiled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ang Jia , Yaxin Duan , He Jiang , Zhenzhou Tian , Zhilei Ren , Xiaochen Li

Binary code similarity detection (BCSD) is a fundamental technique for various application. Many BCSD solutions have been proposed recently, which mostly are embedding-based, but have shown limited accuracy and efficiency especially when…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Hao Wang , Zeyu Gao , Chao Zhang , Mingyang Sun , Yuchen Zhou , Han Qiu , Xi Xiao

Matching binary to source code and vice versa has various applications in different fields, such as computer security, software engineering, and reverse engineering. Even though there exist methods that try to match source code with binary…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Ali TehraniJamsaz , Hanze Chen , Ali Jannesari

AI-powered binary code similarity detection (BinSD), which transforms intricate binary code comparison to the distance measure of code embedding through neural networks, has been widely applied to program analysis. However, due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Lirong Fu , Peiyu Liu , Wenlong Meng , Kangjie Lu , Shize Zhou , Xuhong Zhang , Wenzhi Chen , Shouling Ji

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are used to decompose neural network activations into sparsely activating features, but many SAE features are only interpretable at high activation strengths. To address this issue we propose to use binary sparse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Lucia Quirke , Stepan Shabalin , Nora Belrose

Binary similarity analysis determines if two binary executables are from the same source program. Existing techniques leverage static and dynamic program features and may utilize advanced Deep Learning techniques. Although they have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Xiangzhe Xu , Zhou Xuan , Shiwei Feng , Siyuan Cheng , Yapeng Ye , Qingkai Shi , Guanhong Tao , Le Yu , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

Source code plagiarism is a long-standing issue in tertiary computer science education. Many source code plagiarism detection tools have been proposed to aid in the detection of source code plagiarism. However, existing detection tools are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Hayden Cheers , Yuqing Lin , Shamus P. Smith

Binary Function Similarity (BFS), the problem of determining whether two binary functions originate from the same source code, has been extensively studied in recent research across security, software engineering, and machine learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Gianluca Capozzi , Anna Paola Giancaspro , Fabio Petroni , Leonardo Querzoni , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna

Reverse engineering of binary executables is a critical problem in the computer security domain. On the one hand, malicious parties may recover interpretable source codes from the software products to gain commercial advantages. On the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Cheng Fu , Huili Chen , Haolan Liu , Xinyun Chen , Yuandong Tian , Farinaz Koushanfar , Jishen Zhao

We introduce Bin2Vec, a new framework that helps compare software programs in a clear and explainable way. Instead of focusing only on one type of information, Bin2Vec combines what a program looks like (its built-in functions, imports, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Moussa Moussaoui , Tarik Houichime , Abdelalim Sadiq

The binary code similarity detection (BCSD) method measures the similarity of two binary executable codes. Recently, the learning-based BCSD methods have achieved great success, outperforming traditional BCSD in detection accuracy and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Lichen Jia , Bowen Tang , Chenggang Wu , Zhe Wang , Zihan Jiang , Yuanming Lai , Yan Kang , Ning Liu , Jingfeng Zhang

Given a binary executable without source code, it is difficult to determine what each function in the binary does by reverse engineering it, and even harder without prior experience and context. In this paper, we performed a comparison of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Haoxi Tan

Function-level binary code similarity detection is a crucial aspect of cybersecurity. It enables the detection of bugs and patent infringements in released software and plays a pivotal role in preventing supply chain attacks. A practical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Sun RuiJin , Guo Shize , Guo Jinhong , Li Wei , Zhan Dazhi , Sun Meng , Pan Zhisong

Given a closed-source program, such as most of proprietary software and viruses, binary code analysis is indispensable for many tasks, such as code plagiarism detection and malware analysis. Today, source code is very often compiled for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Kimberly Redmond , Lannan Luo , Qiang Zeng