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With the availability of large pre-trained models, a modern workflow for building real-world machine learning solutions is to fine-tune such models on a downstream task with a relatively small domain-specific dataset. In such applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Lu Tan , Huei Zhou , Yinxiang Huang , Zeming Zheng , Yujiu Yang

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Training robust deep learning models is crucial in Earth Observation, where globally deployed models often face distribution shifts that degrade performance, especially in low-data regions. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection addresses this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Burak Ekim , Girmaw Abebe Tadesse , Caleb Robinson , Gilles Hacheme , Michael Schmitt , Rahul Dodhia , Juan M. Lavista Ferres

Detection of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) samples in real time is a crucial safety check for deployment of machine learning models in the medical field. Despite a growing number of uncertainty quantification techniques, there is a lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Karina Zadorozhny , Patrick Thoral , Paul Elbers , Giovanni Cinà

Reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is important for safe deployment of deep learning models in fetal ultrasound amidst heterogeneous image characteristics and clinical settings. OOD detection relies on estimating a classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Chun Kit Wong , Anders N. Christensen , Cosmin I. Bercea , Julia A. Schnabel , Martin G. Tolsgaard , Aasa Feragen

Trajectory prediction is central to the safe and seamless operation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). In deployment, however, prediction models inevitably face distribution shifts between training data and real-world conditions, where rare or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Tongfei Guo , Lili Su

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is concerned with identifying data points that do not belong to the same distribution as the model's training data. For the safe deployment of predictive models in a real-world environment, it is critical…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Zaharah Bukhsh , Aaqib Saeed

A majority of recent work in AI assesses models' generalization capabilities through the lens of performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Despite their practicality, such evaluations build upon a strong assumption: that OOD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Michal Štefánik , Timothee Mickus , Marek Kadlčík , Michal Spiegel , Josef Kuchař

The training and test data for deep-neural-network-based classifiers are usually assumed to be sampled from the same distribution. When part of the test samples are drawn from a distribution that is sufficiently far away from that of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Yinan Wang , Wenbo Sun , Jionghua "Judy" Jin , Zhenyu "James" Kong , Xiaowei Yue

Building object detectors that are robust to domain shifts is critical for real-world applications. Prior approaches fine-tune a pre-trained backbone and risk overfitting it to in-distribution (ID) data and distorting features useful for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Kuniaki Saito , Donghyun Kim , Piotr Teterwak , Rogerio Feris , Kate Saenko

We present a principled approach for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) and adversarial samples in deep neural networks. Our approach consists in modeling the outputs of the various layers (deep features) with parametric probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-27 Nilesh A. Ahuja , Ibrahima Ndiour , Trushant Kalyanpur , Omesh Tickoo

Deep neural networks achieve superior performance in semantic segmentation, but are limited to a predefined set of classes, which leads to failures when they encounter unknown objects in open-world scenarios. Recognizing and segmenting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Arnold Brosch , Abdelrahman Eldesokey , Michael Felsberg , Kira Maag

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the problem of identifying inputs which are unrelated to the in-distribution task. The OOD detection performance when the in-distribution (ID) is ImageNet-1K is commonly being tested on a small range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Julian Bitterwolf , Maximilian Müller , Matthias Hein

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and lossless compression constitute two problems that can be solved by the training of probabilistic models on a first dataset with subsequent likelihood evaluation on a second dataset, where data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Mingtian Zhang , Andi Zhang , Steven McDonagh

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is critical for safely deploying deep learning models in the real world. Existing approaches for detecting OOD examples work well when evaluated on benign in-distribution and OOD samples. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Jiefeng Chen , Yixuan Li , Xi Wu , Yingyu Liang , Somesh Jha

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection recently has drawn attention due to its critical role in the safe deployment of modern neural network architectures in real-world applications. The OOD detectors aim to distinguish samples that lie…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-16 Sabri Mustafa Kahya , Muhammet Sami Yavuz , Eckehard Steinbach

Post-disaster inspections are critical to emergency management after earthquakes. The availability of data on the condition of civil infrastructure immediately after an earthquake is of great importance for emergency management.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-25 Xiao Liang , Seyed Omid Sajedi

The ability to generalize out-of-domain (OOD) is an important goal for deep neural network development, and researchers have proposed many high-performing OOD generalization methods from various foundations. While many OOD algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Zining Zhu , Soroosh Shahtalebi , Frank Rudzicz

Implementing effective control mechanisms to ensure the proper functioning and security of deployed NLP models, from translation to chatbots, is essential. A key ingredient to ensure safe system behaviour is Out-Of-Distribution (OOD)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Maxime Darrin , Pablo Piantanida , Pierre Colombo

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods perform well on multi-domain benchmarks, yet many practical systems are trained on single-domain data. We show that this regime induces a geometric failure mode, Domain-Sensitivity Collapse (DSC):…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Hong Yang , Devroop Kar , Qi Yu , Travis Desell , Alex Ororbia