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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained attention as a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) due to their potential for energy efficiency and their ability to model spiking behavior in biological systems.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Hadjer Benmeziane , Amine Ziad Ounnoughene , Imane Hamzaoui , Younes Bouhadjar

Recent insights have revealed that rate-coding is a primary form of information representation captured by surrogate-gradient-based Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) in training deep Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). Motivated by these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Chengting Yu , Lei Liu , Gaoang Wang , Erping Li , Aili Wang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) utilize spike-based activations to mimic the brain's energy-efficient information processing. However, the binary and discontinuous nature of spike activations causes vanishing gradients, making adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jihang Wang , Dongcheng Zhao , Ruolin Chen , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are considered as a potential candidate for the next generation of artificial intelligence with appealing characteristics such as sparse computation and inherent temporal dynamics. By adopting architectures of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Kaiwei Che , Zhaokun Zhou , Li Yuan , Jianguo Zhang , Yonghong Tian , Luziwei Leng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained significant attention due to their biological plausibility and energy efficiency, making them promising alternatives to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, the performance gap between SNNs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Tianqing Zhang , Kairong Yu , Xian Zhong , Hongwei Wang , Qi Xu , Qiang Zhang

Brain-inspired spiking neuron networks (SNNs) have attracted widespread research interest due to their low power features, high biological plausibility, and strong spatiotemporal information processing capability. Although adopting a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Changqing Xu , Yi Liu , Yintang Yang

The problem of training spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a necessary precondition to understanding computations within the brain, a field still in its infancy. Previous work has shown that supervised learning in multi-layer SNNs enables…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Anthony S. Maida

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit superior energy efficiency but suffer from limited performance. In this paper, we consider SNNs as ensembles of temporal subnetworks that share architectures and weights, and highlight a crucial issue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yongqi Ding , Lin Zuo , Mengmeng Jing , Pei He , Hanpu Deng

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit temporal, sparse, and event-driven dynamics that make them appealing for efficient inference. However, extending these models to self-supervised regimes remains challenging because the discontinuities…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chengwei Zhou , Gourav Datta

Spiking neural networks are becoming increasingly popular for their low energy requirement in real-world tasks with accuracy comparable to the traditional ANNs. SNN training algorithms face the loss of gradient information and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Bhaskar Mukhoty , Velibor Bojkovic , William de Vazelhes , Giulia De Masi , Huan Xiong , Bin Gu

As an emerging network model, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have aroused significant research attentions in recent years. However, the energy-efficient binary spikes do not augur well with gradient descent-based training approaches.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Siqi Wang , Tee Hiang Cheng , Meng-Hiot Lim

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are well suited for resource-constrained applications as they do not need expensive multipliers. In a typical rate-encoded SNN, a series of binary spikes within a globally fixed time window is used to fire the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Zhanglu Yan , Jun Zhou , Weng-Fai Wong

In the field of image recognition, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have achieved performance comparable to conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs). In such applications, SNNs essentially function as traditional neural networks with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Enqi Zhang

Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) support asynchronous event-driven computation, massive parallelism and demonstrate great potential to improve the energy efficiency of its synchronous analog counterpart. However, insufficient attention…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Jibin Wu , Yansong Chua , Malu Zhang , Qu Yang , Guoqi Li , Haizhou Li

A Spiking Neural Network (SNN) can be trained indirectly by first training an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the conventional backpropagation algorithm, then converting it into an SNN. The conventional rate-coding method for SNNs uses…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ming Zhang , Nenggan Zheng , De Ma , Gang Pan , Zonghua Gu

Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising neural networks for their model capacity from deep neural network architecture and energy efficiency from SNNs' operations. To train deep SNNs, recently, spatio-temporal backpropagation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Seongsik Park , Jeonghee Jo , Jongkil Park , Yeonjoo Jeong , Jaewook Kim , Suyoun Lee , Joon Young Kwak , Inho Kim , Jong-Keuk Park , Kyeong Seok Lee , Gye Weon Hwang , Hyun Jae Jang

Machine learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs), provides solutions for the growing complexity of modern communication systems. This complexity, however, increases power consumption, making the systems energy-intensive. Spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Eike-Manuel Edelmann

The spiking neural network (SNN), as a promising brain-inspired computational model with binary spike information transmission mechanism, rich spatially-temporal dynamics, and event-driven characteristics, has received extensive attention.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Yufei Guo , Xuhui Huang , Zhe Ma

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide an efficient framework for processing dynamic spatio-temporal signals and for investigating the learning principles underlying biological neural systems. A key challenge in training SNNs is to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Lorenzo Pes , Bojian Yin , Sander Stuijk , Federico Corradi

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are investigated as biologically inspired models of neural computation, distinguished by their computational capability and energy efficiency due to precise spiking times and sparse spikes with event-driven…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Mingqing Xiao , Yixin Zhu , Di He , Zhouchen Lin