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A novel protocol - measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) - removes all attacks from the detection system, the most vulnerable part in QKD implementations. In this paper, we present an analysis for practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-14 Feihu Xu , Marcos Curty , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo

We propose a protocol to perform long-range distribution of near-maximally entangled multiphoton states, allowing versatile applications such as quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum metrology which can provide alternatives to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-12 Monika E. Mycroft , Thomas McDermott , Adam Buraczewski , Magdalena Stobińska

We present a practical method that can make quantum key distribution (QKD), for the first time, both ultra-long-distance and immune to all attacks in the detection system. This method is an important extension of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-22 Feihu Xu , Bing Qi , Zhongfa Liao , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Electronic voting systems face growing risks from cyberattacks and data breaches, which are expected to intensify with the advent of quantum computing. To address these challenges, we introduce a quantum-secure voting framework that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Taha M. Mahmoud , Naima Kaabouch

Device-independent quantum key distribution (QKD) can permit the superior security even with unknown devices. In practice, however, the realization of device-independent QKD is technically challenging because of its low noise tolerance. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-22 Feihu Xu , Yu-Zhe Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era. While discrete-variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols were historically the first to demonstrate secure key exchange, continuous-variable QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Mobin Motaharifar , Mahmood Hasani , Hassan Kaatuzian

We present the fundamental principles behind quantum key distribution and discuss a few well-known QKD protocols. Bearing in mind that the majority of our readers are from engineering and experimental optics, we focus more on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-23 Bing Qi , Li Qian , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Data centers are nowadays referred to as the digital world's cornerstone. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method that solves the problem of distributing cryptographic keys between two entities, with the security rooted in the laws of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Nitin Jain , Ulrich Hoff , Marco Gambetta , Jesper Rodenberg , Tobias Gehring

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is based on the laws of quantum mechanics to enable provably secure communication. Despite its theoretical security promise, practical QKD systems are vulnerable to serious attacks, including side-channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Syed M. Arslan , Saif Al-Kuwari , M. T. Rahim , Hashir Kuniyal

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys and offers high practical feasibility due to its compatibility with mature coherent optical communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

The promise of unconditional security in the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) depends on the availability of an authenticated classical channel. However, practical implementations often overlook this requirement or rely on computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Noureldin Mohamed , Saif Al-Kuwari

Typical security proofs for quantum key distribution (QKD) rely on having some model for the devices, with the security guarantees implicitly relying on the values of various parameters of the model, such as dark count rates or detector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Ernest Y. -Z. Tan , Shlok Nahar

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) provides a model of quantum key distribution with minimal assumptions and highly abstract theoretical building blocks. Although DIQKD frees us from detailed discussions of specific device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Andreas Bluhm , Gereon Koßmann , René Schwonnek

Quantum key distribution (QKD) via satellite links is the only currently viable solution to create quantum-backed secure communication at a global scale. To achieve intercontinental coverage with available technology one must adopt a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-14 Gianluca De Santis , Konstantin Kravtsov , Sana Amairi-Pyka , James A. Grieve

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is considered the most immediate application to be widely implemented amongst a variety of potential quantum technologies. QKD enables sharing secret keys between distant users, using photons as information…

Presently, classical optical communication systems employing strong laser pulses and quantum key distribution (QKD) systems working at single-photon levels are very different communication modalities. Dedicated devices are commonly required…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-01 Bing Qi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to establish secret keys. The central task in the study of QKD is to prove security in the presence of an eavesdropper with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-14 Sirui Peng , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides an efficient means to exchange information in an unconditionally secure way. Historically, QKD protocols have been based on binary signal formats, such as two polarisation states, and the transmitted…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is one of the most practical applications in quantum information processing, which can generate information-theoretical secure keys between remote parties. With the help of the wavelength-division multiplexing…