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A major limitation of machine learning (ML) prediction models is that they recover associational, rather than causal, predictive relationships between variables. In high-stakes automation applications of ML this is problematic, as the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jianqiao Mao , Max A. Little

Given data on the choices made by consumers for different offer sets, a key challenge is to develop parsimonious models that describe and predict consumer choice behavior while being amenable to prescriptive tasks such as pricing and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-15 Yanqiu Ruan , Xiaobo Li , Karthyek Murthy , Karthik Natarajan

Academic research and the financial industry have recently paid great attention to Machine Learning algorithms due to their power to solve complex learning tasks. In the field of firms' default prediction, however, the lack of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-02 Lisa Crosato , Caterina Liberati , Marco Repetto

This paper introduces a credit risk rating model for credit risk assessment in quantitative finance, aiming to categorize borrowers based on their behavioral data. The model is trained on data from Experian, a widely recognized credit…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-01-19 O. Didkovskyi , N. Jean , G. Le Pera , C. Nordio

Cluster-Weighted Modeling (CWM) is a flexible mixture approach for modeling the joint probability of data coming from a heterogeneous population as a weighted sum of the products of marginal distributions and conditional distributions. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-12-20 Salvatore Ingrassia , Simona C. Minotti , Antonio Punzo , Giorgio Vittadini

The examination of uncertainty in the predictions of machine learning (ML) models is receiving increasing attention. One uncertainty modeling technique used for this purpose is Monte-Carlo (MC)-Dropout, where repeated predictions are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Florian Heidecker , Ahmad El-Khateeb , Bernhard Sick

A new procedure is presented for the objective comparison and evaluation of default definitions. This allows the lender to find a default threshold at which the financial loss of a loan portfolio is minimised, in accordance with Basel II.…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-03-01 Arno Botha , Conrad Beyers , Pieter de Villiers

Big data and machine learning (ML) algorithms are key drivers of many fintech innovations. While it may be obvious that replacing humans with machine would increase efficiency, it is not clear whether and where machines can make better…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-08-11 Runshan Fu , Yan Huang , Param Vir Singh

The credit scoring industry has a long tradition of using statistical tools for loan default probability prediction and domain specific standards have been established long before the hype of machine learning. Although several commercial…

Computation · Statistics 2020-07-03 Gero Szepannek

This paper presents PDx, an adaptive, machine learning operations (MLOps) driven decision system for forecasting credit risk using probability of default (PD) modeling in digital lending. While conventional PD models prioritize predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sultan Amed , Chan Yu Hang , Sayantan Banerjee

Accurately predicting and inferring a driver's decision to brake is critical for designing warning systems and avoiding collisions. In this paper we focus on predicting a driver's intent to brake in car-following scenarios from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Wenshuo Wang , Junqiang Xi , Ding Zhao

Credit risk assessment increasingly relies on diverse sources of information beyond traditional structured financial data, particularly for micro and small enterprises (mSEs) with limited financial histories. This study proposes a…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-05 Zongxiao Wu , Ran Liu , Jiang Dai , Dan Luo

We consider the pricing of European-style structured credit payoff in a static framework, where the underlying default times are independent given a common factor. A practical application would consist of the pricing of nth-to-default…

Pricing of Securities · Quantitative Finance 2012-04-11 Jean-David Fermanian , Olivier Vigneron

We develop here a semiparametric Gaussian mixture model (SGMM) for unsupervised learning with valuable spatial information taken into consideration. Specifically, we assume for each instance a random location. Then, conditional on this…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-21 Baichen Yu , Jin Liu , Hansheng Wang

Finite Gaussian mixture models are widely used for model-based clustering of continuous data. Nevertheless, since the number of model parameters scales quadratically with the number of variables, these models can be easily…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-09-25 Michael Fop , Thomas Brendan Murphy , Luca Scrucca

While mixture density networks (MDNs) have been extensively used for regression tasks, they have not been used much for classification tasks. One reason for this is that the usability of MDNs for classification is not clear and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Narendhar Gugulothu , Sanjay P. Bhat , Tejas Bodas

Credit risk forecasting plays a crucial role for commercial banks and other financial institutions in granting loans to customers and minimise the potential loss. However, traditional machine learning methods require the sharing of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Shuyao Zhang , Jordan Tay , Pedro Baiz

(Gradient) Expectation Maximization (EM) is a widely used algorithm for estimating the maximum likelihood of mixture models or incomplete data problems. A major challenge facing this popular technique is how to effectively preserve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Di Wang , Jiahao Ding , Lijie Hu , Zejun Xie , Miao Pan , Jinhui Xu

Since Pearson [Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A, 185 (1894), pp. 71-110] first applied the method of moments (MM) for modeling data as a mixture of one-dimensional Gaussians, moment-based estimation methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Liu Zhang , Oscar Mickelin , Sheng Xu , Amit Singer

We introduce an unsupervised clustering algorithm to improve training efficiency and accuracy in predicting energies using molecular-orbital-based machine learning (MOB-ML). This work determines clusters via the Gaussian mixture model (GMM)…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-03-28 Lixue Cheng , Jiace Sun , Thomas F. Miller